INTERMEDIATE 
HISTORY oftf>e 
UNITED STATES 

FOR CATHOLIC SCHOOLS 





Copyright}] 



CCF»T?IGHT DEPOSIT. 



INTERMEDIATE 
HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES 



FOR USE IN THE 

FIFTH AND SIXTH GRADES 

OF CATHOLIC SCHOOLS 



WILLIAM H. SADLIER 
NEW YORK 






To 
M. M. R. 



Copyright, 1915, 
F. X. SADLIER 



SEP -7 m 

©CI.A411372 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Section I. First Inhabitants. Discovery . 1 

" II. Explorers 20 

" III. Colonization 36 

" IV. Colonization (continued) ... 57 

Biographies '^^ 

Section V. Colonl\l Wars. Discontent . . 79 

" VI. Revolution 101 

" VII. End of Revolution. Independence 124 

" VIII. The Constitution. Self Govern- 
ment 140 

Biographies 1^'^ 

Section IX. Second War of Independence . . 161 

X. Expansion. The Slavery Question 187 

Biographies 206 

Section XL Civil War 209 

XII. End OF Civil War. Reconstruction 228 

Biographies • • ^^^ 

Section XIII. Complete Reunion. Industrul 

Expansion 253 

" XIV. New Problems ...... 273 



History of the United States 



SECTION I 
FIRST INHABITANTS. DISCOVERY 



CHAPTER I 
THE INDIANS 

1 — The Indians 

A few hundred years ago there were no white people in 
this western world where we live. The only human beings 
were Indians. They are so called because the discoverers 
of America thought they had reached India and called the 
natives Indians. They have a copper-colored skin, straight 
black hair, dark piercing eyes, high cheek bones and beard- 
less faces. They clothed their bodies with skins of animals 
and covered their feet with "moccasins" made of deer hide. 

2 — Their Homes 

To make a hut an Indian first hacked off some long limbs 
of a pine tree. He used a stone hatchet because he did not 
know how to make iron or steel. 

After trimming off the twigs on the boughs, the Indian hut 
builder drew a circle on the ground, put an end of each 
pole on the circle and then brought together the tops of the 
poles he had made. These were .bound together at the top 
and covered with bark or skins, making a sort of tent called 
a ''wigwam" or ''tepee." This could be easily taken down 
and moved. The wigwam was a common form of Indian 
houses in the eastern part of the present United States. 

1 



2 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

3 — Other Indian Homes. 

The Indians in the southwestern part of the country were 
half civiHzed. They knew how to build houses of sun-dried 




Indian wig\\'anis and birch bark canoe 

brick, and these dwellings were often perched high up in the 
side of a canon,* to be safe from enemies. Hence these 
people were called clif! dwellers. They made pottery and 
wove rough cloth. 

In the eastern part of the country, in what is now New 
York State and thereabouts, some Indian tribes dwelt in 
houses built of bark, in which several related families lived 
together. Many of these families together formed a clan; 
and each clan had its ''totem." This was usually the figure 
of some animal, which was the symbol of the clan, and 
was reverenced by it. The head of a clan was called a 
"sachem"; many clans together formed a tribe. 

* High cliffs on each bank of a river. 



THE INDIANS 3 

4 — Occupations 

The Indians lived by hunting and fishing. They tilled 
the soil somewhat, and raised corn, which they called maize. 
The Indians did not have horses, cattle, or sheep until the 
white man came. They moved from place to place in search 
of game, along certain paths called trails, and fished on lakes 
and rivers in canoes made of birch bark. In winter, in the 
North, they chased their game on snow shoes made of deer 
throngs, stretched on a frame of wood. Indians ate well 
in time of plenty, but kept nothing for their future needs 
and when game was scarce they very often starved. 




Indians hunting bufifalo with the bow and arrow 
5 — Weapons 

Their weapons were the bow and arrow, the spear and the 
tomahawk. As they had no metal they used sharp stones 
or shells for points. When the white men came the Indians 
acquired guns and became fine marksmen. But even with 
the bow and arrow they could hit a running deer or a squirrel 



4 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

on the jump. They were keen at following the trail of man 
or animal. By a crushed leaf, a broken twig, or a mark 
in the ground they could follow an enemy as surely as a 
hound follows the scent. 



6 — Indian Warfare 

In war the Indians were led by their war chief and were 

cruel and bloodthirsty fighters. They thought it unmanly 

to show fear and 
would suffer torture 
by their enemies with- 
out uttering a cry of 
pain. When called to 
war they colored their 
faces with war paint 
and performed the 
fierce war dance; then 
with loud yells or war 
whoops, they at- 
tacked the enemy. 




7 — Scalp Lock, 
umet 



Cal- 



They shaved part 
of their heads and the 
hair remaining on top 
was called the scalp 
lock. It was the In- 
dian's greatest pride 
to take the scalp of his 
enemy and carry it 
fastened to his belt. When the war was over, or when 
friendly Indians met in council, they smoked together from 
the same pipe. It was called the ' 'Calumet, ' ' or pipe of peace. 



Indian War-chief 



THE NORTHMEN 5 

8 — Religion 

The poor Indian did not know God. His religion was a 
sort of spirit worship. He thought that spirits lived in 
every tree and river and lake, and in all the things of nature; 
and he believed that if he died a good Indian he would go 
to the ''happy hunting grounds." 

9 — Women 

The Indian women were the servants of the men. They 
did all the hard work, and even tilled the soil. Their child- 
ren, when small, were called ''papooses'' and were carried, 
wrapped and strapped, on the backs of the "squaws.'' 

10 — Writing and Money 

The Indians had no writing except a rude sort of picture 
writing. Their treaties and important matters were recorded 
by beads, made from certain kinds of clam shells. These 
beads were worked into ' ' wampum ' ' belts. Different figures 
were strung in them to represent various happenings. When 
the white men first traded with the Indians this wampum, 
as well as beaver and other skins, was used as money. 

1 1 — Population 

The Indians although spread over a large country were 
not very numerous and numbered probably less than 400,000 
when the first white men settled here. 

CHAPTER II 
THE NORTHMEN 
12— The Northmen 

The Northmen were a race of brave sailors, sometimes 
called Vikings, who lived in the northern part of Europe. 
They made long voyages, in their sturdy little ships, with 
only the stars and sun as guides. They discovered Iceland 
and Greenland and founded colonies in those countries. 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Lief Ericson, who lived in the Greenland Colony, while on 
a visit to Europe became a Catholic, and returning home 
took priests with him. All the colonists were then converted. 

13— The Mainland 

About the year 1000, 
Lief Ericson set forth 
from Greenland with an 
expedition which 
reached the mainland of 
America. There were 
many wild grapes in the 
country in which he 
landed and so he called 
it Vinland . * What part 
of America this was we 
do not know, but it is 
thought to have been on 
the New England coast. 

14 — Greenland 

The Northmen did 
not remain in America 
but went back to Green- 
land. This Greenland 
colony lasted for about three hundred years and dui'ing all 
that time Catholic bishops were at the head of its church. 
At last its people were taken sick with the plague and were 
attacked by the natives and the colony was destroyed. 

15 — Discovery Forgotten 

So although America was first visited by the Northmen 
their visit was soon forgotten. Many years passed and they 
never went back to the land across the seas. 

* Land of grapes. 




Northmen picking grapes in Vinland 



THE WORLD IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 7 

CHAPTER III 
THE WORLD IN THE 15TH CENTURY 

16 — Knowledge of Geography 

The voyages of the Northmen were forgotten and in the 
fii'st half of the 15th Century no white man knew that the 
Western Continent existed. In fact all that most people 
knew of the world was Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. 
Travel was very difficult and expensive. There were no 
railroads or steamships. But people were beginning to learn 
more of the world, because printing had been invented and 
books were being more generally read. 

17 — Franciscan Monks and Marco Polo. 

During the 13th century China, or Cathay, as it was 
called, had been visited by some Franciscan monks and also 
by Marco Polo, a native of Venice. The accounts they 
wrote of the wonderful wealth and splendor of the Eastern 
lands were now being read and people wanted to know more 
of these countries. 

18— Trade with the East 

Merchants who had long traded with the East were anx- 
ious to extend this trade, though China and the Indies were 
very hard to reach. Trading with them was done by ships, 
mostly from Italy. Some of these ships sailed up the BlackSea 
and met the caravans whch had come overland from China. 

Other ships got their cargoes at the Isthmus of Suez, 
to which place the goods were brought by way of the 
Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Both these journeys were long 
and costly. To make matters worse about this time the 
Tui'ks captured Eastern Europe, and closed the Black Sea 
route to Christian tradei^s. Heavy taxes imposed by Egypt 
made the other route too costly. 



8 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

19 — Need of a New Route 

On account of these difficulties people began to look for a 
shorter and safer way to the Indies. At this time nearly 
everyone thought the earth was flat like a table, and that if 
you went too far you would fall off. Some also thought the 
oceans were infested with terrible monsters and that sailors 
who ventured far would never come back. A few wise and 
learned men thought otherwise. From very ancient times a 
few thoughtful people believed the earth was round, like a 
ball. 

CHAPTER IV 
COLUMBUS AND ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC 

20 — Christopher Columbus 

Christopher Columbus, born in Genoa, Italy, in 1435, 
was one of those who believed the earth was round. He was 
the son of a wool-comber and as a boy had received some 
education. From the age of 14 he was a sailor and had many 
an adventure and narrow escape in war and peace. He 
studied the sea and loved it. When opportunity offered 
he also studied geography, arithmetic and astronomy. So 
he came to believe that the earth was round, but deemed 
it to be much smaller than it really is. 

21 — Plan of Columbus 

When people became so anxious to find a shorter and safer 
way to the Indies Columbus proposed a new plan. He said 
/'The earth is round like a ball and the Indies are on the 
other side of it. It is hard to get around to them by going 
East, so let us sail to the West and we will reach them with- 
out trouble." 

22 — Lack of Faith in Columbus 

This plan of Columbus was not well received. He was 
laughed at and asked how, if the world was round, people on 



COLUMBUS AND ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC 9 

the other side could keep from falling off. But he was not 
to be turned by ridicule from what he thought was right. 
He presented his plan to the Kings of France, England, 
Portugal and other countries, but no one would help him. 
At last, in 1485, he appealed to Spain. Here his reception 
gave him hope but it was a long time before anything was 




Christopher Columbus, the great admiral 

done for him. The Spaniards were busy driving the Moors 
out of their country and had no time for Columbus. When 
things seemed darkest for him God directed him to the right 
place. 

23 — Father Juan Perez 

Thinking that he could expect no aid from Spain, Colum- 
bus, with his little son, Diego, set out, in 1491, to leave the 



10 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



country. They stopped for shelter at the Franciscan Mon- 
astery of La Rabida, near the port of Palos, and there met the 
good Father Juan Perez. The story and the plan of Col- 
umbus greatly interested the monk, who became a believer 

in their merit. Bidding 
Columbus remain, he 
set out for the Spanish 
Court. 

24— Isabella the Catholic 
Father Perez had been 
the confessor of the good 
queen Isabella, and to 
her he fervently pleaded 
the cause of Columbus. 
The queen was im- 
pressed and allowed him 
to bring Columbus to 
court. Columbus re- 
newed his plea, telling 
of the wealth and terri- 
tory he thought would 
accrue to the Spanish 
crown; of the thousands 
of souls he thought 
might be brought to a 
knowledge of the true God; and of the treasure that might 
be gained to help rescue the Holy Sepulchre from the Turks. 
The noble queen, Isabella the Catholic, fired with zeal for 
the conversion of souls, promised to provide money for the 
expedition, agreeing, if necessary, to pledge her jewels to 
raise the sum. Fortunately she was not called on to make 
this sacrifice. 




Queen Isabella, the Catholic 




Coj't/rig/'il, 16 



I 



THE VOYAGE 11 

CHAPTER V 
THE VOYAGE 

25 — Preparation for the Voyage 

It was difficult to find sailors to undertake this journey- 
over unknown seas, but finally three small vessels were 
fitted out and manned. They were called the Santa Maria 
(Holy Mary), the Nina and the Pinta. Columbus and his 
crew received the Sacraments of Penance and Holy Euch- 
arist from his benefactor, the good Father Perez, and then 
marched in procession to where the vessels lay, in the little 
port of Palos. 

26 — The Departure 

On August 3rd the ships set sail. We can imagine the feel- 
ings of hope and of fear in the hearts of the little company, 
and in the hearts of the dear ones they had left behind, 
Columbus did not sail directly west but first touched at the 
Canary Islands. Here the rudder of one of his ships was re- 
paired and on September 3rd the great voyage to the west 
was begun. How brave were Columbus and his crew to 
undertake it ! How great must have been their faith in God ! 

27— Fear 

The ships sailed steadily westward and soon it was noticed 
that the wind kept blowing in one direction, from behind 
them only. This worried the sailors. ''How can we sail 
back against this wind?'' they asked. Then the sea be- 
came covered with seaweed, and they were more alarmed. 
For days and days they sailed and still no land was seen. 
The compass varied, fear grew greater, and at last the crew 
rebelled and threatening to throw Columbus overboard. 
The great Genoese was not afraid. To every objection, to 
each new revolt, his answer was the same : " Sail on, Sail on.'' 



12 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

28— Land 

Fortunately at this time, about four weeks after leaving 
the Canary Islands, there were signs that land might be 
near. A fiock of wild ducks flew over the ships, and the 
course of the fleet was changed to go their way. Later a 
tree branch with berries was seen, and then a piece of carved 
wood. Hope came again to the hearts of all and at last 
one night Columbus himself saw a moving light. At day- 
break the next morning, Friday, October 12th, 1492, the glad 
cry of Land! Land! was heard from the Pinta, and the 
object of the great voyage was attained. Columbus fell on 
his knees and chanted the Te Deum. 

29 — The Landing 

Soon natives were seen running to the shore, looking in 
wonder at the ships which they took to be great white birds. 
Three small boats were lowered and Columbus, rowing to 
the land, stepped ashore with the royal banner of Spain in 
his hand. Kneeling, he kissed the ground, and then raised 
his voice in a prayer of praise and thanks to God. He or- 
dered a great cross to be built, and named the land San 
Salvador (Holy Savior), thus offering the fruits of his voyage 
to God. 

30 — Natives 

Thinking he had reached the coast of India, Columbus 
called the country in general the West Indies, and the 
natives Indians. In reality he had reached one of the Ba- 
hama islands. Columbus then sailed to the south and 
discovered the islands of Cuba and Haiti, which last he 
called Hispaniola. The Santa Maria was wrecked on this 
coast. From the planks of the ship he built a fort and left 
forty men with provisions for a year. They were never 
found again. 




13 



14 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

31— The Return 

Early in 1493 Columbus returned to Spain taking several 
Indians with him. The voyage home was rough and very 
stormy and it seemed as if the little vessels would be lost. 
Columbus prayed hard to the Blessed Vu-gin and promised 
to make a visit to her nearest shrine on landing. This he 
did when at last they were safely back; and good Father 
Perez offered up the Mass of Thanksgiving. 

32 — Reception 

Columbus was received with highest honors by the king 
and queen who loaded him with favors after hearing his 
wonderful story. People who had laughed at him now 
praised him and tried to win his favor. 

CHAPTER VI 
DIVISION OF THE WORLD— OTHER VOYAGES 

33 — Division of the World 

After the return of Columbus, in 1493, Pope Alexander VI 
issued a bull in which he divided the undiscovered portions 
of the earth by a line drawn almost down the middle of the 
Atlantic ocean. All to the west of this he gave to Spain; 
all to the east to Portugal. He exhorted the sovereigns to 
send priests to these new lands ''to instruct the inhabitants 
in the Catholic faith and teach them good morals. 

34 — Second Voyage 

Columbus quickly made ready for another voyage to the 
new world. Many were now willing to accompany him and 
the expedition consisted of fifteen hundred persons in seven- 
teen ships. In obedience to the Pope's wishes some Domin- 
ican monks went with Columbus. Some say that Father 
Perez also went. They sailed September 25th, 1493, and on 
reaching the West Indies started a colony at Haiti, where 



DIVISION OF THE WORLD — OTHER VOYAGES 



15 



the first Catholic church in the new world was quickly built. 
Jamaica and Porto Rico were discovered on this trip. 

35— Third Voyage, (1494) 

While the results of the first two voyages had not entirely 
pleased the Spanish people because no gold nor silver were 
brought back, still 

Columbus was again ^ ^X. "^^ 

sent out. This time [ ^ — >,a^^ r 

he reached the main- 
land of South America 
near the mouth of the 
Orinoco. Becoming 
ill he returned to the 
colony at Haiti and 
found things in very 
bad shape. 



36 



in 




Columbus 

Chains 
The colonists were 
quarreling and Co- 
lumbus himself was 
unjustly arrested for 
sedition, and sent back 
to Spain in chains. 
What a pitiful sight! 
The great Admiral Columbus in chains 

sent home from the land he had discovered a prisoner in 
chains! The captain of the ship carrying him back was 
anxious to take the fetters from Columbus, but he refused, 
saying that the King and Queen alone should do this. 

37— Real Route to India 

The discoveries of Columbus were the most important 



16 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

ever made, but he never found what he really set out to 
look for — the water route to the Indies. Another did this. 
For years the Portuguese, encouraged by their great prince, 
Henry the Navigator, had been skirting the coast of Africa 
in their vessels. They were convinced that a water route 
to India would be found that way. Finally, in 1497, the 
Portuguese sailor, Vasco da Gama, sailed round the Cape of 
Good Hope and two years later returned to Portugal, with 
shiploads of the rich wares of India. 

38 — Columbus' Fourth Voyage 

In 1502 the Spaniards, still hoping to find a westward 
route to Asia, sent Columbus once more across the Atlantic. 
He spent two years exploring the coast and touched at the 
Isthmus of Panama, but found no passage through. Dis- 
appointed, he returned to Spain, only to find the good Queen 
Isabella near to death. 

39 — Death of Columbus 

Not long after this, on May 20th, 1506, Columbus himself 
died, in a little inn at Valladolid, believing to the end that he 
had discovered the Indies. Columbus died poor, neglected 
and even despised. To-day he is honored as one of the 
greatest men that ever lived. His life should be a lesson to 
us to care little for the opinion of the world, as long as we 
know we are doing right. 

40 — Spirit of Discovery 

The discovery of America was a thoroughly Catholic pro- 
ject. In fact there were no Protestants at all then. The 
voyage of Columbus was placed under the protection of the 
Blessed Virgin . It was undertaken for the conversion of souls, 
and to obtain funds to fight the Turks and regain the Holy 
Sepulchre. These were the inspiring motives of Columbus. 



OTHER CATHOLIC DISCOVERERS 



17 



CHAPTER VII 
OTHER CATHOLIC DISCOVERERS 

41— The Cabots 

When the discoveries of Columbus became known, other 
countries wanted a share of the new world. In 1497 John 
Cabot, an Italian sailor living in England, asked Henry VII, 
King of that coun- 
try, to let him try to 
find a northerly pas- 
sage to the Indies. 
After a fair voyage 
he discovered the 
mainland of Amer- 
ica, at Labrador. 
Landing, he erected 
a cross and claimed 
the country for Eng- 
land, which was still 
Catholic. He ex- 
plored the coast, 
probably as far 
south as the Chesa- 
peake, and returning 
to England was re- 
ceived with honor. 

42— Sebastian Cabot 
Sebastian Cabot, 
son of John, who had 
been on the first voy- 
age set out in the following year (1498) and explored the 
coast of America from Labrador to Florida. He found 
a large island and called it Newfoundland. He saw 




Sebastian Cabot at Newfoundland 



18 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

great numbers of codfish in the waters and on his return 
spread the news. Soon fishermen from France and England 
found their way to the ''fishing banks," of Newfoundland. 
The winters were so cold however that no settlement was 
made on this island. 

43 — Amerigo Vespucci 

Amerigo Vespucci, a native of Florence, was a member 
of a Portuguese expedition which discovered Brazil. Later 
he made another trip to the same region. On his return to 
Europe he wrote a glowing account of that land of beautiful 
flowers and fruits and birds of gay plumage. Learned people 
were now beginning to think all these newly discovered 
lands were really a new continent, and some thought Amer- 
igo had discovered it. 

A German map-maker brought out a little geography 
and in it called the new lands America, in honor of the ex- 
plorer he thought had discovered them. At first this name 
was given only to South America but later the whole con- 
tinent received it. And so Columbus was deprived of the 
honor of having the new world called for him. 



REVIEW 19 

IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION I 

1. Before the advent of the white man the western con- 
tinent was inhabited only by savages called Indians. 

2. The first white men to visit America were the North- 
men, who came about the year 1000. 

3. The Northmen made no permanent settlement, and 
their visits to America were soon forgotten. 

4. In the Fifteenth Century people were very anxious to 
find a short route to the East Indies and China. Most 
people thought the world was fiat. 

5. Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, believed the 
world to be round. He begged aid from many countries to 
enable him to try to reach the Indies by sailing west across 
the Atlantic Ocean. 

6. Columbus finally received this aid from Isabella the 
CathoUc, Queen of Spain, and with a fleet of three small 
vessels discovered America, Oct. 12, 1492. 

7. Columbus made four voyages to the New World, and 
died beUeving he had reached the Indies. The water route 
to the Indies was, in fact, discovered by Vasco de Gama, a 
Portuguese, who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope 
(1497) and so reached India. 

8. Besides his hope of discovering the route to the Indies 
Columbus was animated by a most Catholic spirit— the 
desire to bring the knowledge of God to the natives in the 
New World, and to acquire treasure with which to fight the 
Turks, and redeem the Holy Sepulchre, in Palestine. 

9. The Mainland of America was discovered (1497) by 
John Cabot, an Italian in the employ of England. 

10. The New World was called America after an explorer 
named Amerigo Vespucci, whom some people mistakenly 
beUeved to be its discoverer. All these discoverers were 
Catholics. Protestantism had not yet been heard of. 



SECTION II 



EXPLORERS 



CHAPTER VIII 
SPANISH EXPLORERS 

44— Reasons for Exploration 

This brings us to about the year 1500. We have learned 
about Columbus, who discovered America, about the Cabots, 
who first reached its mainland, and about Amerigo Ves- 
pucci, after whom it was named. During the next hundred 
years much exploration of the interior country was done 
by the Spaniards. There were two reasons for these ex- 
plorations — the love of God, and the desire for conquest 
and gold. 

45 — Spanish Priests and Spanish Soldiers 

Perhaps you will hear it said that it was only gold and 
conquest the Spaniards cared for. This is not so. Where 
the Spanish soldier went, there also went the priest — who 
often remained to labor and die a holy martyr, for the con- 
version of the Indians. 

And then again, while the Spaniard conquered the natives 
he did not kill them off. Millions of Indians still live happily 
in the countries Spain once governed. This is particularly 
true of Mexico and South America which were colonized by 
Spaniards. Much has been written of the Spaniard's cruelty 
and love of gold — it is well also to know something of his 
piety and seK sacrifice for souls. 

20 



SPANISH EXPLORERS 21 

46 — Las Casas 

In 1502, the Dominican monk, Bartholomew Las Casas, 
the first priest to be ordained in America, began his life work 
among the Indians. For sixty years he worked for their 




Las Casas, the protector of the Indians 

good, making several trips to Spain to help their cause, and 
earning for himself the title of 'Trotector of the Indians/' 

47 — Ponce de Leon 

In 1513, Ponce de Leon, a brave old soldier and companion 
of Columbus, set sail from Porto Rico. Some say he was in 
search of a fountain of perpetual youth of which he heard 
from the Indians. He soon came to Florida, as he called it. 
This means ''Flowery", from part of the Spanish name for 
Easter Sunday, on which day he first saw the land. 

48 — Pacific Ocean 

In 1513, a Spaniard of noble birth but of little wealth was 
governor of a settlement at Panama. His name was Balboa. 
He was kind to the Indians and they told him of a great 
ocean beyond the mountains. These he climbed and from 
their top saw the smooth waters of the broad Pacific Ocean. 
Descending the mountain, he waded into the waters, with the 



22 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



cross in one hand and the flag of Spain in the other, and took 
possession of all its shores for his King, calling it the South 
Sea. 
An American poet has thus described the ceremony: 
''For Rome, Leon, Castile, 
Thrice gave the cleaving blow; 
And thus Balboa claimed the sea 
Four hundred years ago." 




Vasco Nunez de Balboa taking possession of the Pacific Ocean 

49 — Narrow Strip of Land Separating Two Great Oceans 

Even from these early times it was the ambition of mari- 
ners, first to find a passage, and later to make one, through 
this narrow strip of land which divided the Pacific from the 
Atlantic Ocean. The dream has now come true through the 
opening of the Panama Canal. 



SPANISH EXPLORERS 23 

50 — Cortez 

Hernando Cortez with a small force set out to conquer 
Mexico, in 1519. For two years he fought the Aztecs, a race 
of Indians living in that country, and at last conquered them. 
These people were partly civilized. Great quantities of 
gold and silver were taken and sent to Spain. At last the 
long sought for treasure had been found and Spain soon be- 
came one of the richest nations in Europe. 

51 — Magellan 

This same year, 1519, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese 
in the employ of Spain, tried to find the westward passage 
to the Indies. With five ships he sailed down the coast of 
South America and west through the strait which is now 
named after him. He then came to the great ocean which 
he named ''Pacific", because it seemed so calm after the 
Atlantic, which is very rough in that part of the world. 

In time he discovered the Philippine Islands, where he lost 
his life fighting the natives (1521). One of his captains suc- 
ceeded in rounding the Cape of Good Hope and reaching 
Spain with one ship. The journey took two years and was 
the first voyage around the world. It proved beyond a 
doubt that the world was round; it also proved that Col- 
umbus had not reached India. 

52 — Navarez 

Thinking that another empire rich as Mexico might be 
discovered, Navarez, a Spanish soldier, with four hundred 
men, landed in Florida (1528). After famine and terrible 
suffering nearly all of them died or were killed by the In- 
dians. Only four managed to reach Mexico after six years 
of wandering through the forests. Among those on this 
unfortunate trip were John Juarez, Bishop of Florida. He 
was the first bishop in what is now the United States. 



24 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



53 — Franciscan Missions 

The story of one of the survivors of this trip made several 
holy priests eager to enter the country. One of them was 
Father Mark, a Franciscan. Leaving Mexico he travelled 
north over many hundreds of miles until he came to New 

Mexico, where he plant- 
ed a cross in an Indian 
village, in 1539. Re- 
turning he gave an ac- 
count of his journey 
which led the Spaniards, 
under Coronado, to enter 
the country with a con- 
siderable force. 




54- 



Disap- 



Coronado's 
pointment 
They marched inland, 
and nearly as far east as 
the Mississippi River, 
but found the cities that 
had been reported were 
only Pueblo Indian vil- 
lages, and that no treas- 
ure was to be had. 
They were the first to 
see the Grand Canon of the Colorado. They also met with 
enormous herds of buffalo which at that time overran the 
plains of the West. The expedition returned, but three of 
the priests remained, who labored among the Indians until 
finally put to death. They were the first martyrs for the 
faith in the present United States. 



Father Mark 




25 



26 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

CHAPTER IX 
DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI 
55— De Soto 

About the same time, 1539, Fernando De Soto, gover- 
nor of Cuba landed in Florida, with a large force to explore 
the interior of the continent. For two years he pushed 
through the country, fighting the natives and enduring great 
trials. Crossing what is now Georgia, Alabama and Miss- 
issippi he came at last, in 1541, to the Mississippi River. 

A year later De Soto died and was buried on the banks of 
the great river he had discovered. Fearing the Indians 
would steal his body, his companions dug it up and sank it 
at midnight in the muddy waters of the great river. A few 
of his men afterward reached civilization, but every priest 
had perished in the wilderness. 

56— The Huguenots 

Early in the sixteenth century the Catholic Church lost 
many of her children in Europe, through the establishment of 
Protestantism. From that time the history of America was 
much influenced by the bitter feeling between Catholics and 
Protestants. In 1562, some French Protestants, called 
Huguenots, built a fort at the mouth of the St. John River, 
in Florida. Spain claimed this country by right of discov- 
ery and sent a force under Admiral Melendez to destroy the 
French. 

57 — St. Augustine founded 

Melendez built a fort at St. Augustine, in 1565, and some- 
time afterwards attacked the French at Fort Caroline, killing 
nearly all of them. To avenge this a Frenchman, named De 
Gourgues, fitted out an expedition which attacked St. Au- 
gustine and hanged the soldiers there. 

The Spaniards, however, continued to occupy the site and 



DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI 



27 



the present city of St. Augustine is the oldest in the coun- 
try. This fight between the Spaniards and French was the 
first quarrel over territory in the new world. The Hugue- 
not settlement is the first we hear of Protestants in America. 



58 — Florida Missions 

St. Francis Borgia, head of the Jesuits, sent priests to Flor- 
ida in 1566. They studied the Indian language and founded 
the Florida Missions. Soon the Franciscans entered Florida 
and also suffered 
hardships and trials 
and even death for 
the glory of God. 
Towards the end of 
the Century almost 
all the missions were 
destroyed and the 
good priests killed. 

59— Santa Fe 
In 1583, Santa Fe, 
in New Mexico, the 
second oldest city in 
the United States, 
was founded. The 
Franciscan Missions 
located there were 
very successful, and, 
long before the Eng- 
lish hadmadeasingle 
settlement in the 
New World whole 
tribes of Indians had 
been converted. The Jesuit teacher 




28 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



CHAPTER X 
FRENCH EXPLORATIONS 
60 — Verrazani 

Francis I, King of France, sent out an expedition to Amer- 
ica in 1524 under Verrazani, a native of Florence. The 

coast of Carolina was 
reached and Verrazani then 
sailed north. He was prob- 
ably the first white man to 
enter New York harbor. He 
called his discoveries New 
France and erected crosses 
at various places. Ven-a- 
zani's description of the 
Atlantic Coast was the fii'st 
one published. 

61 — C artier 

Ten years later Jacques 
Cartier was sent by the 
same king to make fmther 
discoveries. In 1534, he en- 
tered the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence, which he named in 
honor of the martyr, and 
erected a cross thirty feet 
high on the shore of Gaspe 
Cartier then continued up the St. Lawrence River 
he could see land on both sides. He won the 
friendship of the natives and an Indian chief allowed two of 
his sons to go back with hini to France. 

62— Cartier 's Other Voyages 

The next year Cartier again entered the St. Lawrence and 




Erecting a cross in the new world 

Bay. 
until 



FRENCH EXPLORATIONS 



29 



sailed up as far as the Indian village of Hochelaga. The 
country was beautiful. Game, fish, and fruit abounded, 
and the little Indian village was beautifully situated at the 
foot of a mountain. Cartier and a friendly Huron chief 
climbed its top, and the 
explorer was so de- 
lighted with the view 
that he called it Mont- 
real or Royal Moun- 
tain. Thus the present 
great city of Montreal 
acquu-ed its name. The 
winter was severe, and 
in the spring Cartier 
went back to France. 

A third voyage did 
not accomplish any- 
thing, and then for over 
sixty years France was 
so taken up with civil 
war that no further set- 
tlements were attempt- 
ed in America. 




Jacques Cartier 



63 — Quebec 

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain, a retired naval officer, 
sailed up the St. Lawrence until he came to a part where the 
banks were very high and steep, and the river not very wide. 
Here he built a fort and founded the city of Quebec. Its 
natural position for defense was very strong, and it soon 
became the headquarters of the Fi^ench in America. 

Champlain, who has been called the ''Father of New 
France", was a brave and pious man. Anxious to convert 
the Indians he sent home for missionary priests. The 



30 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Franciscans, and shortly after the Jesuits, took up this 
great work. They penetrated the heart of the wilderness, 
their work for the Indians leading them daily to new places, 
and into new dangers. The country was gradually explored 
by these holy men in their zeal for the salvation of souls. 




An early view of Quebec 

64 — Discoveries 

Champlain himself was an ardent explorer. He pushed 
south into what is now New York and discovered the lake 
called after him. To the west he explored Lakes Erie and 
Huron. With the friendly Algonquin Indians he fought the 
fierce Iroquois* of New York. 

In a battle Champlain and some companions suddenly ap- 
peared, and firing their guns, killed several of the Iroquois. 
These Indians had never heard a gun before, and the loud 
noise, the flash, and the sudden death of their companions 
so frightened them that they fled in terror. The effect of 
this was important, as thereafter the Iroquois always hated 
the French and took sides with their enemies. 

* The Iroquois or Five Nations. These Indians lived in the present 
State of New York, and were very powerful. They were divided into 
five nations, the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas and Mohawks. 



DRAKE 



31 



CHAPTERXI 
ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS 
65 — Northwest Passage 

When it became known that America was a continent, it 
was still thought that somewhere through its northern part a 
passage could be found for ships to sail from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific Ocean. The English particularly were of the 
opinion that such a passage could be discovered. This sup- 
posed passage became known as the Northwest Passage. 

66 — Martin Frobisher 
An Englishman, 
named Martin Fro- 
bisher, made three voy- 
ages, between 1576 and 
1579, to discover the 
water route to the In- 
dies and China. He 
did not find it, but 
twice brought back his 
ships laden with what 
he thought was gold, 
but which proved to be 
only worthless stones. 

67— Drake 

England was now a 
Protestant nation, and 
the rivalry with Cath- 
olic Spain was great. 
Sir Francis Drake, an English sea rover, set out in 1579, on 
a voyage to prey on the Spaniards. He reached the Pacific 
Ocean through Magellan Straits and plundered the Spanish 
settlements in Chili and Peru. 




Sir Francis Drake 



32 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

Fearing the Spanish fleet hunting for him in the south, 
Drake tried to get back to England by saiHng north around 
North America. He sailed as far north as Oregon and find- 
ing no passage through turned back to California. Resting 
for a time in San Francisco Bay, he called the country 
New Albion and claimed it for England. Drake finally re- 
turned home by way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus mak- 
ing the second voyage around the world. 

68 — Dutch Explorations 

Another nation had a large traffic with the Indies and so 
was anxious to find the short Northwest Passage. This was 




The "Half Moon" in the highlands of the Hudson River 

Holland, where the Dutch people live. In 1608, they em- 
ployed an explorer, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, to search 
for the short sea route to Asia. Hudson in his ship, the 
''Half Moon,'' reached the American coast in 1609, and ex- 
plored many inlets hoping to come upon an open passage. 



SIR WALTER RALEIGH 



33 



Reaching the Hudson River (called after him), he sailed up 
as far as where Albany now stands. He found no passage, 
but he realized that a large fur trade could be established 
with the Indians. So he claimed the country for the Dutch 
East India Com- 
pany, which had sent 
him out. The land 
claimed extended 
from the Delaware 
to the Connecticut 
River and cut in two 
the territory along 
the coast claimed by 
England. 

69 — Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert 
About 1583, Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert 
made two attempts 
to colonize America 
but did not succeed. 
He was drowned on 
his last voyage. 



70 



-Sir Walter 
Raleigh 




Sir Walter Raleigh 



Sir Walter Raleigh was the half brother of Gilbert and 
after his death made many efforts to start a colony in 
America. He did not succeed. These attempts at settle- 
ment were principally around Roanoke Island. Raleigh 
was the first to bring tobacco and the potato to England. 
The potato grew very easily in Ireland and became one of 
the principal articles of food in that land. 



34 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Raleigh learned from the Indians to smoke tobacco. One 
day in England, when he was smoking his pipe, a servant 
entered the room with some ale for him to drink. Seeing 
the smoke coming out of his master's mouth and nose, he 

thought that Sir 
Walter was on fire, 
and dashed the ale 
over him. 

71 — Virginia 

All the territory 
claimed by England 
in America was now 
called Virginia. It 
was so named by 
Queen Elizabeth in 
her own honor. 

72 — Lost Colony 

Raleigh's first col- 
ony did not succeed 
and a second was 
started at Roanoke, 
in 1587. Here little 
Virginia Dare was 
born, the first child 
of English speaking 
parents to be born in America. The Governor of the col- 
ony went home to England for supplies. On his return 
three years later the colony of over one hundred people had 
vanished. The only sign left was the word ''Croatan," 
carved on a tree. Nobody knows to this day what became 
of them all. 



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Queen Elizabeth 



REVIEW 35 

IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION II 

1. Florida was discovered (1513) by Ponce de Leon. 
Florida means ** flowery," from a part of the Spanish name 
for Easter Sunday, on which day the land was discovered. 

2. The Pacific Ocean was discovered (1513) at Panama, 
by Balboa. He called it the South Sea. 

3. A semi-civilized race of Indians, called Aztecs, in- 
habited Mexico. They were conquered (1519) by Hernan- 
do Cortez, and Spain received much treasure from this 
country. 

4. In 1519, the first voyage around the world was made 
by an expedition under Ferdinand Magellan. This voyage 
proved beyond all doubt, that the world was round, and also 
proved that America was a continent. 

5. The Mississippi was discovered (1539) by Fernando de 
Soto. He died and was buried in its waters. 

6. Canada was discovered (1524) by Jacques Cartier, a 
Frenchman. 

7. Quebec was founded (1608) by Samuel de Champlain, 
the ''Father of New France." France claimed all the coun- 
try thereabouts. 

8. The Pacific Coast of America was first visited, about 
1580, by Francis Drake an English sea captain. He is the 
first Protestant explorer of importance we hear of. All 
those before him were CathoUcs. 

9. Henry Hudson, an EngUshman employed by Holland, 
visited the present site of New York, in 1608, and sailed 
up the river named after him, as far as where Albany now 
stands. He was in search of the ''northwest passage," 
a water route through the American Continent which many 
believed existed. 

10. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and his brother-in-law Sir 
Walter Raleigh, made several unsuccessful attempts to 
found colonies in Virginia, toward the end of the Sixteenth 
Century. Virginia was the name then given to all the 
English claims in America. They were so called in honor 
of Queen EUzabeth. 



SECTION III 



COLONIZATION 



CHAPTER XII 
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 

73 — The Seventeenth Century 

At the year 1600, more than one hundred years after the 
discovery of America, the only settlements in the present 
United States were at St. Augustine and Santa Fe. Both of 
these were to a great extent made possible by the work of 
the Catholic priests among the Indians Now, however, the 
English, French, and Dutch were all eager to colonize the 
lands they claimed in America. 

74 — London and Plymouth Companies 

It took a great deal of money to start a colony, more than 
one man could afford, as Sir Walter Raleigh had found out. 
So a company called the Virginia Company was formed to 
develop the English claims. A number of men from London 
got together and formed a branch of the Virginia Company 
caJled the London Company. 

Others from Plymouth formed a branch called the Ply- 
mouth Company. This latter company was given grants 
of land on the New England Coast. The London Com- 
pany received territory on the Atlantic Coast south of the 
Potomac River. 

75 — Jamestown Settled 1607 

The Plymouth Company sent out a colony to Maine near 
the Kennebec River but it failed. The London Company 

36 



CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 



37 



had a better territory in the warmer lands further to the 
south. In 1607, it sent out colonists who reached Virginia 
and settled on a river which they called the James. The 
little settlement was called Jamestown. Both were named 
in honor of King James I, of England. 

This was the first permanent English settlement in Amer- 
ica. However its beginning was full of troubles. The colo- 
nists were badly chosen for their work as there were few 
mechanics or la- 
borers. Most of the 
new comers were 
brokendown gentle- 
men, who spent their 
time looking for gold, 
instead of working. 
Food became scarce 
and starvation was 
near. 

76 — Captain John 
Smith 
When things were 
very bad Capt. John Smith took charge, and made the rule 
that "Those who did not work should not eat." Soon all 
were at work planting corn and clearing the forest. The 
colonists made friends with the Indians and traded small 
articles with them for food. When Smith was in James- 
town things ran very well but he was very fond of roving 
about and exploring the country. 

77 — Pocahontas 

During one of his trips Smith was wounded and captured 
by some Indians. They made up their minds to kill him. 
Smith was not afraid. He took out his pocket compass and 




Settlement of Jamestown 



38 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



the savages became interested in the way it worked and 
spared his life. He was taken before the Chief, Powhatan, 
who ordered him put to death. As he was about to be 
brained with a club, Pocohontas the little daughter of the 




Pocahontas saves the life of Captain John Smith 

chief begged her father to spare his life. The chief relented 
and Smith was set free. Pocahontas became a friend of the 
settlers and brought them many gifts of food. 

78 — Starving Time 

In 1609, about five hundred new colonists arrived but they 
were just as lazy as the first lot and did not want to work. 
They expected to fill their chests with gold and go back 
home to spend their money. Smith was injured about this 
time and went back to England. With no one to compel 
the lazy colonists to work nothing was done. 

The Indians became hostile and killed many. Food gave 



AKGALL 



39 



out and that winter was known as the Starving Time. When 
spring came there were but sixty people left and they were 
about to desert the colony, when Lord Delaware arrived with 
fresh settlers. The colony then began to prosper. Forts 
were built for defense, all were made to work and supplies 
were gathered. 




Coming of Lord Delaware 

79— Argall 

A wicked sea captain, named Argall, committed a con- 
temptible act. Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, was 
bought by him from a tribe of Indians she was visiting. 
The price he paid was a copper kettle. Argall held her for 
ransom. Powhatan got ready for war instead. Just then 
John Rolfe, a young colonist, offered to marry Pocahontas 
and Powhatan agreed. After their marriage Rolfe took her 
to England to visit the King. 



40 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

80 — Argall Destroys Missions 

A short time after this the treacherous Ai'gall attacked the 
French missionaries at Mt. Desert in Maine. He killed one, 
turned others adrift in an open boat and took the rest cap- 
tive to Virginia. Governor Dale who had succeeded Lord 
Delaware was going to hang them. He relented however 
and they reached France safely. 

CHAPTER XIII 
PROGRESS OF COLONY 

81 — Community Plan 

Dm'ing the early days the colony was run on a community 
plan. That is each colonist received a share of all the crops 
and products. This was found to be a poor plan as those 
who worked hard supported the idlers. So each man was 
given a piece of land which was to belong to him, and on 
which he could build his own house and raise his own crops. 

82 — Tobacco 

The colonists had looked in vain for gold but they found 
something which was almost as valuable. John Rolfe, the 
husband of Pocahontas, commenced growing tobacco, in 1615. 
Soon it was found that England would buy all that could be 
raised and everyone started raising it. It was used even 
as money, and so little of anything else was gi'own that laws 
had to be passed compelling each man to raise a certain 
amount of corn for food. 

83— First Assembly 

In this first English settlement in America the people soon 
showed they wanted to govern themselves. In 1619 each of 
the eleven plantations elected two delegates, who assembled 
in Jamestown. This assembly was called the House of 
Burgesses. We, who are citizens of the great American 



PROGRESS OF COLONY 41 

Republic, should remember the little assembly in Virginia. 
It was the beginning of ''government by the people" in the 
new world. 

84— Slavery 

The first slaves in the colony were brought by a Dutch 
ship in the same year, 1619. They were twenty negi'oes 
from Africa. Later white people were also held in a kind of 
slavery. These were criminals and also poor people from 
England, who could not pay their passage to America. They 
bound themselves to work a long time for the planters, in 
return for their passage money to the new world. They 
were called ''indentured servants.'' 

85— Family Ties 

In 1620, a number of young women came over to Virginia 
from England. They were mamed to the planters who paid 
the expense of their passage. The colonists became happy 
and content. They were peaceful and prosperous, except 
when the Indians gave them trouble. 

86 — Indian Massacre 

The Indians went on the war path in 1622 and massacred 
nearly four hundred whites. A war followed, and the In- 
dians were so severely punished that they were quiet for 
twenty years. In 1624, King James took away the charter 
of the London Company and made Vu'ginia a royal province. 
In 1642, dui'ing the Civil War in England ^^irginia remained 
true to the King and so became known as "The Old Do- 



87 — Manners 

There were few towns or villages in Virginia and there 
was little education, as there were notmany books orschools. 



42 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



The people lived for the most part on plantations, where in 
time they built fine homes and kept many slaves. Their 
amusements were fox hunting, racing, and other out of door 
sports. They had no manufactures, giving all their time to 
raising tobacco. What goods they needed, were brought 
to them from England in the ships which took theu- tobacco 

back. They raised all 
their own food. 



88 — Religion 

Their religion was that 
of the Church of Eng- 
land. All had to help 
support the church and 
were compelled to at- 
tend it. No Catholics 
were allowed to practice 
their religion, and 
priests were sent out of 
the colony within five 
days. 




All that remains of Jamestown 



CHAPTER XIV 
SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK 



89— First Settlers 

We have learned that New York was first visited by Ver- 
razani and later, in 1609, by Henry Hudson, an Englishman 
in the employ of Holland. Hudson claimed the teiTitory 
for the Dutch East India Company. This company, in 1614, 
sent out agents to trade with the Indians. They found the 
same beautiful bay and noble river Hudson had seen, but not 
a white man was there. A few Indians paddled about in 
their canoes. To-day ships and steamers from all parts of 



DUTCH SETTLEMENTS 



43 



the world crowd these waters. MilUons of people live on the 
shores. It is the great harbor of New York. 

90 — New Netherlands 

Landing on the end of Manhattan Island, a little trading 
post was founded. Knives, guns, hatchets, looking glasses, 
and small trinkets were bartered for the skins of beaver, otter, 
mink, and other animals. Near this very spot many great 
''sky scraper'' buildings of New York City now stand. A 
little later the Dutch sailed up the beautiful Hudson River 
and established another trading post. It came to be known 
as Fort Orange, the site of the present city of Albany. 




A View of New Amsterdam in 1656 
The church built in the fort (now the Battery) in 1642 

The powerful Iroquois inhabited the region thereabouts. 
These Indians hated their neighbors the Fi'ench since the 
time Champlain fought them, and readily made friends with 
the Dutch and later with the English. 

91— Other Dutch Trading Posts 

Other Dutch people crossed over the Hudson River to 
trade with the Indians of New Jersey. They built Fort 



44 PREPAKATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

Nassau, where Camden now stands. Still others sailed 
along the water, now called Long Island Sound, and traded 
with the Connecticut Indians. So you see the Dutch claimed 
what is now one of the richest parts of our country. In 
honor of their old home they called it all New Netherland. 

92 — New Amsterdam 

The places we have spoken of were as yet only trading 
posts, but, in 1623, a new company, called the Dutch West 
India Company, sent a large number of settlers to Manhat- 
tan. The village was given the name of New Amsterdam 
and it prospered from the beginning. The Dutch friendship 
with the powerful Iroquois also enabled them to extend their 
colonies to the interior of the country. 

93 — Patroons 

In order to hurry the growth of settlements large grants 
of land were offered to anyone starting a colony of at least 
fifty people outside the island of Manhattan. These pro- 
prietors were called "patroons" and lived like lords, each on 
his own land. 

94 — Dutch Governors 

For forty years, until 1664, New Netherlands was ruled by 
Dutch Governors, the last of whom was Peter Stuyvesant, 
called ''Headstrong Peter. " He was brave and honest but 
very despotic. The people were inclined to want more 
freedom but he threatened to ''make a foot shorter" anyone 
who did not obey him. Stuyvesant had lost a leg in an at- 
tack on a Portuguese fort in the West Indies and used a 
wooden one. 

95 — New Sweden 

The King of Sweden also sent out some of his people to 
found a colony in the new world. They were led by Peter 



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Governor Peter Stuyvesant in a rage tears up the English demand for 
the surrender of New Amsterdam 
45 



46 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

Minuit a Dutchman who had been Governor of New Neth- 
erlands. The Swedes settled on the Delaware River, in 1638, 
and called the country New Sweden. A few years later the 
Dutch of New York sent a force and captured the settle- 
ment and added it to the New Netherlands. 

CHAPTER XV 
ENGLISH IN NEW YORK 

96 — English Take New Amsterdam 

The Dutch colony at New Netherlands separated the 
English colonies of New England and Virginia, and the Eng- 
lish made up their minds to capture it. They sent a fleet 
of four ships and demanded its surrender, (1664). Peter 
Stuyvesant stumped around on his wooden leg and wanted to 
fight. The thrifty Dutch settlers did not want their homes 
knocked down by cannon balls and made him surrender. 
The English took the whole country and the King gave 
it to his brother, the Catholic Duke of York and Albany. 

97— Called New York 

The name New Amsterdam was changed to New York, 
and Fort Orange became Albany. It became a ''proprie- 
tary" colony; that is one owned outright by a person. The 
colony remained English with the exception of one year, 
1673-74, when the Dutch re-captured it, but lost it again 
to the English. So England came to own the whole coast 
from Florida to Nova Scotia. 

98 — English Governors 

The first two English Governors of New York ruled 
wisely but the third, named Andros, was a tyrant. After 
him came Governor Thomas Dongan, an Irish Roman Cath- 
olic. He called together an assembly and gave the colony 
what is known as the Dongan Charter, or the ''Charter of 



ENGLISH IN NEW YORK 47 

Liberties/' Among other things it gave Hberty of con- 
science. 

Dongan was a devout Catholic and had his own private 
chapel, with a Jesuit priest as chaplain. In 1685, the Duke 
of York, to whom New York belonged, became King, and 
the territory became a royal province, remaining so until 
after the Revolution. 

99 — Catholicity Proscribed 

A revolution in England took the throne from the Catholic 
King and gave it to the Protestants, William and Mary. 
This resulted in the New York Assembly passing laws, in 
1691, which made Catholicity a crime. Many of the Catho- 
lic Indians went to Canada to live, where their descendants 
still remain true to the faith. The Indian Catholic missions 
in central New York were flourishing at this time, and 
schools and chui'ches were being established. 

100 — Manners and Religion 

At this time the people of New York were still mostly 
Dutch. They were thrifty and hospitable. They lived 
plainly, arising at dawn, and going to bed at sunset. The 
houses were of wood or of brick brought over from Holland. 
Protestantism was the religion of the colony but the Dutch 
did not persecute the Catholics. 

Under Governor Dongan a Catholic school was opened, 
and three priests were stationed in the town. Later this 
fair treatment of Catholics ceased, and the practice of 
their religion was forbidden. Still later the Catholics were 
subjected to persecution. Priests were expelled and threat- 
ened with death and, in 1741, four Catholics, unjustly ac- 
cused of a plot to burn the town, were put to death. 



48 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



CHAPTER XVI 
NEW JERSEY 
101 — New Jersey 

\\Tien the Duke of York became the proprietor of the 
New Netherlands, he sold the land between the Hudson and 
the Delaware rivers to his friends Lord Berkely and Sir 
George Carteret. The latter had been the Governor of the 
Island of Jersey in the English Channel, and the new grant 
was called New Jersey in his honor. 



x^^^^ 




Governor Carteret of New Jersey 



102— First Settlement 

The first English 
settlement was at 
Elizabeth. But the 
settlers refused to pay 
rent or taxes, and so, 
in 1674, Lord Berkely 
sold his share of the 
land to William Penn 
and some other Quak- 
ers. It was then called 
West Jersey. When 
a few years later Car- 
teret died, the Quakers 
also bought his share, 
called East Jersey. 



103 — Royal Province 

Again the owners had trouble collecting the rents, and in 
1702, gave up their claims to the King, and New Jersey also 
became a royal province. Many Dutch lived in the eastern 
part of New Jersey near the Hudson. Puritans from New 
England settled at Newark. New Jersey was never bothered 
by the Indians and so grew rapidly and was prosperous. 



NEW ENGLAND 49 

CHAPTER XVII 
NEW ENGLAND 

104— Plymouth 

The first settlement in what is now Massachusetts was 
made, in 1620, by the Pilgrims. Pilgrim means ''wanderer'' 
and these people are so called because they wandered from 
place to place, before reaching America. They were ''Sep- 
aratists" in religion, and were persecuted because they had 
separated from the Church of England. So they left Eng- 
land and settled for a few years in Holland. That country 
was strange to them, and wanting a home of their own, they 
returned to England and spent several weeks there, prepar- 
ing to go to America. 

About one hundred of the Pilgrims sailed in the little ship 
INIayflower, and landed at Plymouth near Cape Cod. This 
Cape was in that part of the country called "New England'' 
by Capt. John Smith, on his map of the coast of northern 
North America. This map was drawn in 1614. 

105 — Mayflower Compact 

Before leaving the Mayflower the Pilgrims made an agree- 
ment or compact, binding themselves to make and keep 
laws that would be fair and just to all. They elected Miles 
Standish their military leader and prepared to settle per- 
manently. 

107— First Winter. 

The newcomers' first winter on this bleak New England 
coast was very severe. They were able at first to build only 
one large house, which had to shelter all who lived on shore. 
The women and children lived on board the Mayflower. 
This single building, however, was the beginning of the town 
of Plymouth, Massachusetts. 



50 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Before spring more than one half of the company had died 
from exposure and famine, among them Governor Carver. 
Yet so determined were the Pilgrims to have a home of theu- 
own that, when the Mayflower went back to England in the 
Spring, not one of the colony went with her. 




Puritan settlers in America 
108— Indians 

AMien Spring airived the Pilgi'ims were visited by a 
friendly Indian who said to them *' Welcome Englishmen." 
He had learned these few words in English from the fisher- 
men who visited the coast. 

Massasoit, a powerful Algonquin chief, soon became 
friendly with the Englishmen, making a treaty of alliance 
with them and remaining their fii*m friend. 

109 — Defiance of Canonicus 

Near the English settlement there was another tribe of 
Indians who were foes of IMassasoit. ^Mien he became 



NEW ENGLAND 51 

friendly with the Pilgrims, these other savages made up their 
minds to make war on the English. Their chief, Canonicus, 
sent to the whites a skin of a rattlesnake stuffed with arrows, 
as a token of hostility. William Bradford, who was the 
second governor, retui'ned to the Indians the skin filled with 
powder and shot. Canonicus then knew the English would 
fight and therefore let them alone. 

The colony grew slowly. From the first each church 
membei* had a vote in the government. Town meetings 
were held in which the settlers voted on measures for the 
good of the colony. 

110 — Massachusetts Bay Colony 

In 1628, a large number of Puritans came from England 
and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Salem. 
Boston was settled, in 1630, by Puritans from that town. 
This colony grew quickly although its laws were severe. 
The Piu'itans had been persecuted in England and now 
that they were free to worship as they pleased, they punished 
people who had different religious views. 

Ill— Witchcraft 

Later a queer superstition spread among some of the 
Puritan colonists. They began to believe that many of 
their people were witches; that they were controlled by evil 
spirits. No one was safe from being accused, and many 
good people were put in prison and tortured, and some were 
hanged. 

112 — Progress of the Colony 

The Pui'itans were industrious, sober, enterprising and 
strict in religious matters. They also were narrow minded 
and bigoted regarding liberty of conscience. Amusements 
were not allowed and it was considered wi'ong: to dance or 



52 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

to play musical instruments. It was sinful, the Puritans 
said, to waste time in any way. Every one was compelled 
to go to church on Sunday. Each chui'ch or congregation 
governed itself. The Puritans were cruel to the Indians. 
However, they were anxious to be well educated, and Har- 
vard College was founded, in 1636, and a printing press was 
set up in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 




Harvard College 



CHAPTER XVIII 



NEW HAMPSHIRE, MAINE, CONNECTICUT AND 
RHODE ISLAND 

113 — Gorges and Mason 

Two men, named Gorges and Mason, received a grant of 
all the land between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua 
rivers. In 1623, settlements of dissatisfied Puritans, and 
other Englishmen, were made at Portsmouth and Dover, 
and the country was called New Hampshire. 

The settlers had a hard time protecting themselves from 
the Indians and asked to be joined to Massachusetts. This 
was done in 1641. Later New Hampshire became a Royal 



MAINE, CONNECTICUT 



53 



Province, and although it again came under Massachusetts, 
it was separated for good in 1741. 



114 — Maine 

In 1629, Gorges received another grant of land, from the 
Piscataqua to the Kennebec River, and founded the colony 
of Maine. It was so called because the fishermen spoke of 
this part of the country as the '' main '' land. Portland was 
founded, in 1632. Massachusetts bought the claims of 
Gorges, and Maine remained a part of this colony until it 
was admitted to the Union as a separate State, in 1820. 

115 — Connecticut. First Settlements and Union 

As you have learned, the Dutch, claiming part of Connec- 
ticut, had established trading posts in the Connecticut 
Valley. In 1633, 
the English Pur- 
itans also en- 
tered this region, 
building a fort 
at Windsor and 
later one at Say- 
brook, at the 
mouth of the 
Connecticut 
River. 

In 1636, a num- 
ber of settlers 
emigrated from 
Massachusetts 
to Connecticut ^^^ Connecticut Valley 

carrying most of their household effects with them. They 
drove their cattle before them, living principally on milk 
while in the wilderness. The towns of Hartford and 




54 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

Wethersfield were started by them, both in the valley of 
the Connecticut. 

The three towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield 
formed, in 1639, a union for their better protection from the 
Dutch and the Indians. This was the first colonial union in 
America. It was based on a written agreement, which was 
called the ''Fundamental Orders." 

116 — New Haven 

New Haven was settled by a colony of Puritans under 
Rev. John Davenport in 1638. They came from Boston but 
had left England only a few months previously. They lived 
under very strict laws, and Catholics were not tolerated. 

117 — Confederation of New England 

In 1643 the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, 
New Haven and the Connecticut River settlements, formed 
a union for their mutual protection. This union lasted 
forty years. 

118 — Connecticut a Colony 

The Connecticut River settlements and New Haven joined 
and formed the Colony of Connecticut, in 1662. They re- 
ceived a very liberal charter from the King, being allowed 
to elect their own Governor and representatives. These 
privileges they prized very much. 

About twenty years later the charter was annulled and 
Sir Edmund Andros was made royal governor by the King. 
The power given Andros was very great. He governed and 
laid taxes without the consent of the people and came to be 
known as the "tyrant." 

119— Charter Oak 
Andros went to the assembly at Hartford to demand the 



RHODE ISLAND 



55 



charter. The colonists hated to give up this precious docu- 
ment. In the midst of the uproar which followed the lights 
suddenly went out. When they were relit the charter was 
gone. Captain Wadsworth had escaped with it and hid it in 
the hollow of a famous tree afterward called the Charter Oak.* 

120 Rhode Island 

Roger Williams was a 
young minister who did 
not believe in either the 
religion professed by the 
Puritans, or in their treat- 
ment of the Indians. He 
was ordered to be arrest- 
ed and sent back to Eng- 
land, but managed to 
escape. For three months 
in the depth of winter, 
in 1635, Williams wan- 
dered through the forest. 
He was helped by the 
Indians, Massasoit and 
Canonicus, and the fol- 
lowing spring received a 
tract of land from them. 

Other white people who believed as he did joined him, and 

a little village was started. In gratitude to God they called 

it Providence. Portsmouth and Newport were founded 

soon afterward, and each settlement governed itself. 

People of all faiths were welcome. In 1643, Williams went 

to England and got a charter which united the settlements 

into the one colony of Rhode Island. 

*This incident is denied by some, who say that Andros took the 
original charter and that only a copy had been put in the tree hollow 
some time before. 




Hiding the Charter in the oak 



56 PREPAEATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION III 

1. In 1600, more than one hundred years after the dis- 
covery of America, the only permanent settlements in the 
United States were the Spanish towns of St. Augustine, 
Florida, and Santa Fe, New Mexico. 

2. The first English settlement in America was made in 
Jamestown, Va., in 1607. 

3. Within a dozen years after this settlement was founded 
the first attempt at home rule was made by the colonists, 
who established the House of Burgesses, in Virginia. 

4. New York was settled by the Dutch (about 1614) for 
trading purposes. They named the country New Nether- 
lands and claimed all the territory between the Connecticut 
and Delaware rivers. 

5. The English captured the New Netherlands (1664) and 
changed its name to New York. 

6. That part of the colony of New York lying west of the 
Hudson was sold by the Duke of York to some friends, 
(1673) and became the Colony of New Jersey. 

7. New England was settled by EngUsh Puritans at Ply- 
mouth, Mass., in 1620. They were people who did not be- 
lieve in the Church of England and were driven from home 
in consequence. 

8. New Hampshire was settled (1623) by Puritans from 
Massachusetts, and from England. 

9. Part of Connecticut was claimed by the Dutch, but 
English Puritans settled there as early as 1633; in 1662 the 
various settlements became the colony of Connecticut. 

10. Rhode Island was settled by Englishmen from 
Massachusetts, led by Roger WilUams. They had become 
dissatisfied with the beliefs and actions of the Massachu- 
setts Puritans. 



SECTION IV 



COLONIZATION 



CHAPTER XIX 
MARYLAND 

121 — Lord Baltimore 

The English Government persecuted the Puritans, and 
their treatment of CathoHcs was equally bad. Sir George 
Calvert, Lord Baltimore, 
was a Protestant who 
became a Catholic con- 
vert. He asked the King, 
who had given him the 
title of Lord Baltimore, 
for a grant of land in 
America where his fellow 
Catholics could go and 
practice their religion in 
peace. This the King 
promised, but Calvert 
died before getting it. 
His eldest son Cecil, the 
second Lord Baltimore, 
received the grant and a 
charter for a colony and, 
in 1634, sent out a com- 
pany under his brother, 
Leonard Calvert. He called the territory Maryland, after 
the name of the Queen, Henrietta Maria (Mary). 

57 




Lord Baltimore 



58 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

122— St. Mary's 

The expedition sailed in two ships, the Ark and the Dove. 
On board were three hundred colonists including four Jesuit 
priests. Sailing up the Potomac River, they landed on the 
feast of the Annunciation. Mass was celebrated, and a 
great cross was erected. A favorable site was chosen for 
the first settlement, St. Mary's. 

The Indians, won by the friendly manner of the strangers, 
helped them. They sold them an Indian Village, in return 
for cloth, trinkets, and other articles. Around it were corn- 
fields already planted. The squaws taught the English 
women how to make bread of maize (com), and the warriors 
showed the white men the best hunting grounds. More 
priests soon arrived and labored among the Indians. Be- 
fore long the Indian Chief and many of his" tribe were bap- 
tized, as well as members of other tribes near by. 

123 — Religious Toleration 

The fame of the colony of Maryland rests on its religious 
freedom. No matter what a man's religion might be he was 
welcome, if he believed in Christ and he behaved himself. 
Many immigrants came to Maryland because the Catholic 
colony offered freedom of worship, and a refuge to the per- 
secuted. 

124 — Clayborae 

An English trader of Virginia, named Clayborne, had re- 
ceived a license from the King to trade with the Indians. 
He had a trading settlement on an island within the limits 
of Maryland, but he refused to acknowledge the rights of 
Lord Baltimore, and took up arms against him. Clayborne 
was defeated but continued to annoy the colony. At one 
time he succeeded in driving Lord Baltimore away for two 
years. 



DELAWARE AND THE CAROLINAS 59 

125 — Toleration Act 

In 1649, on the return of Lord Baltimore, the Toleration 
Act was passed. This guaranteed freedom of worship to 
all who believed in Christ. Many Protestants who were 
persecuted in other Colonies came to Maryland. Instead 
of being grateful for the refuge offered them they seized the 
government as soon as they became strong enough. In 
1654, they repealed the Act of Toleration. Four years later 
Lord Baltimore's government was restored and with it the 
right of freedom of worship. 

126 — Royal Province 

This lasted until 1689, when the Catholics were again 
stripped of their rights and the colony was made a royal 
province. The fifth Lord Baltimore regained the family 
inheritance by sacrificing his religion and turning Protestant. 
Not until the American Revolution did the Catholics regain 
their rights in this colony which they had founded, and to 
which they had generously welcomed all others. 

1 2 7 — Annapolis — Baltimore 

In 1649, Puritans founded a settlement called Providence, 
in Maryland. The name was changed to Annapolis in 1699, 
and it became the capital. Baltimore was founded in 1729. 

CHAPTER XX 
DELAWARE AND THE CAROLINAS 

128 — New Sweden 

As we have learned, the Dutch and Swedes both settled 
in the region called Delaware, but the Swedes were driven 
off by the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant, in 1655. Ten 
years later, when the English captured the Dutch possessions 
of New Netherlands, the Delaware territory came under 



60 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



English rule. William Penn wanted an outlet to the sea for 
Pennsylvania and, in 1682, bought the territory of Delaware 
from the Duke of York. 

129 — Name of Delaware 

From that time until the Revolution the two colonies had 
the same governor, although after 1703 they had separate 
legislatures. The first settlement of the Swedes, made in 
1638, is the site of the present city of Wilmington. The 
colony was named in honor of an English Nobleman, Lord 
De La Warr. 



130 — The Carolinas. 




Charles II 



The Albemarle Colony 

It is strange that the Caro- 
linas were called by the same 
name after two different Kings. 
The French who tried to settle 
this region in the sixteenth cen- 
tury, called it Carolina after 
their King Charles IX. A hun- 
dred years later the territory 
was still a wilderness, but, in 
1651, English settlers from 
Virginia began a settlement 
there . A little later it was again 
called Carolina, this time in 
honor of Charles II of England. 
The people of the colony lived 
in the neighborhood of Albe- 
marle sound . They called their 
settlement the Ablemarle Col- 
ony. 



131 — The Clarendon Colony 
In 1663, King Charles II of England made a grant of terri- 



DELAWARE AND THE CAROLINAS 



61 



tory between Virginia and Florida to his friend, Lord Clar- 
endon and seven other noblemen. A colony was started, 
near Cape Fear River, by some Englishmen from the island 
of Barbadoes. It was called the Clarendon Colony. 



132— The Carteret Colony 

A settlement called the Carteret Colony was started, in 
1670, and a town called Charleston was founded, on the 
Ashley River. Ten years later this town was moved to a 
place between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, the site of the 
present city of Charleston. 

133 — Form of Government 

The proprietors tried to establish a form of government 
which called for lords and serfs (a kind of peasant slave). 
Most of the people were to be serfs, of course, but they 
laughed at such an idea and insisted on governing themselves. 
There were fights between the tenant colonists and the tax 
collectors. The proprietors became tired of all these 
troubles, and, in 1729, sold the colony back to the King. He 
divided it into two parts, North Carolina and South Caro- 
lina, and appointed a 
Governor for each. 



134 — Products 

A sea captain, who 
came on a voyage from 
Madagascar, brought 
a bag of rice to Caro- 
lina. The grains were 
planted and flourish- 
ed. Rice became a 
valuable product. In- 
digo, from which blue 




South Carolina settlers 



62 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



dye is made, was also found to grow well here, and it was 
raised in considerable quantities at one time. Great forests 
of pine wood covered much of the land and they furnished 
timber as well as turpentine, pitch, and tar. The planters 
needed many slaves, and negroes were stolen from Africa, 
and sold into the Carolinas and Virginia. 



CHAPTER XXI 
PENNSYLVANIA AND GEORGIA 

135— William Penn 
Besides Catholics and Puritans, members of the Society of 

Freinds, or Quakers, were persecuted in England on account 

of their religion. 
William Penn, a 
rich English 
Quaker, was in- 
terested in 
America as one 
of the owners of 
New Jersey. 
Penn was the 
son of Admii-al 
Penn to whom 
the English King 
Charles II owed 
Penn's Treaty with the Indians ^ large sum of 

money. After Admiral Penn's death William Penn offered 
to take land in America in payment of the debt. The 
King gave him thousands of acres of land lying west of the 
Delaware River. 

The tract Penn wanted to call ''Sylvania," which means 
''forest land.'' The King made him add his father's name 
to it, and it became Pennsylvania. In 1681, a colony was 




PENNSYLVANIA AND GEORGIA 63 

started by a large .number of immigi-ants from England. 
They were mostly Quakers, and Penn followed them a year 
later. 

136— Philadelphia 

The Quaker's religion taught him to consider every man 
his brother. So the first town, started in 1683, was called 
Philadelphia, which means ''brotherly love." Soon after 
Penn arrived, he met the Indian chiefs under a large elm 
tree, neai' Philadelphia, and made a treaty of peace with 
them. This treaty was recorded in a belt of wampum which 
still exists. Peace was faithfully kept by both sides for 
many yeai-s. 

The colony gi'ew quickly and prospered, so that at the 
time of the Revolution, Philadelphia was the largest city in 
America. 




A Wampum belt recording Penn's Treaty with the Indians 

137 — Mason and Dixon Line 

In 1767, two surveyors, named Mason and Dixon, ran a 
boundaiy line to divide the colonies of Maryland and 
Pennsylvania. It was mai'ked by a stone at the end of 
every mile, and was for many years the boundary between 
the free and the slave states. 

138— Religion 
William Penn granted religious freedom in the colony even 



64 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



to Catholics, though he was opposed to the Catholic Church. 
Mass was offered up, as early as 1687, in a little wooden 
chapel in Philadelphia. Later the colonists changed the 
laws, and Catholics were not allowed to hold office. 

139 — Georgia. Oglethorpe's Colony 

Georgia, the last of the thirteen original colonies, was not 
founded until 1733. George II was King of England, and 




Oglethorpe's Militia 

it was named for him. At that time many people were 
imprisoned in England, because they could not pay their 
debts. A good hearted soldier. General James Oglethorpe, 
obtained a grant of land in America lying between South 
Carolina and Florida. 

In 1733, Oglethorpe reached America with one hundred and 
twenty of these poor debtors, whom he and his friends had 
released from prison, by paying what they owed. Later, 
many Germans, Scotch, and even Jews, came to the Colony. 



THE CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES 



65 



140 — Savannah 

The first village started near the mouth of the Savannah 
River afterward became the City of Savannah. Silk manu- 
facture was introduced and continued until the Revolution. 
Religious freedom was granted to all except to Catholics. 
In 1752, Georgia became a royal province. 

CHAPTER XXII 
THE CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES 



141 — The Missionaries 

There is no account in 
history more impressive 
than the story of the Cath- 
olic missionaries in Amer- 
ica. They were true 
soldiers of God, who car- 
ried on their glorious work 
through hardship and 
danger and even torture. 
Thousands of poor sav- 
ages received from them 
the knowledge of the True 
God. To impart this 
knowledge many of them 
willingly gave up their 
lives. 



142- 



the 



Our Debt to 

Missionaries 
To Catholic mission- 
aries our own country also 
owes a great debt. It was 




His life for the cross 



66 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

they who discovered and explored much of the interior of 
this continent. The great historian Bancroft says, ''Not a 
cape was turned, nor a river entered, but a Jesuit led the 
way." They were the first to sail over our great lakes and 
rivers, and to explore our forests and prairies. 

143 — Breboeuf 

Among the early missionaries were the Jesuit Father 
Breboeuf and two companion priests. They journeyed 
to the country of the Huron Indians where they built a log 
house which served both as a church and dwelling. A 
clock, belonging to the good priests, was a source of great 
wonder to the Indians, who would sit for hours waiting to 
hear it strike. They imagined it was some kind of strange 
animal and wondered what kind of food it lived on. The 
good priests worked for years in the wilderness among the 
Indians. Finally all the tribe became Catholics. 

144 — Jesuits in Michigan 

Father Jogues and a companion, both Jesuits, set out in 
1641 to visit the Chippewas in Michigan. For seventeen 
days they pushed out into unknown parts, the first white 
men to traverse the country. They were well repaid at the 
end of their journey when two thousand friendly Indians 
gathered to listen to them. 

145 — Father Jogues in New York 

After Father Jogues returned from the Chippewas in 
Michigan, he took up his work among the Hurons. A band 
of Iroquois warriors raided the Hm-on country and took 
about forty captives, among them Father Jogues. He was 
brought back to the present state of New York, where the 
Indians put him to tortui'e, tearing out his nails and hacking 
off one of his thumbs. He was beaten and bui'ned. His 



THE CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES 



67 



limbs were twisted and his joints dislocated. The Iroquois 
kept Father Jogues a prisoner for more than a year, but dur- 
ing that time he used every opportunity to teach and con- 
vert his captors. 

146 — Ransom of Father Jogues 

Finally the brave Jesuit was ransomed by the Dutch 
Governor of Albany, 
and sent to New Ams- 
terdam, and thence to 
France. However he 
could not keep from his 
beloved Indians. In 
1646, while again work- 
ing among the Iroquois, 
he was martyred, near 
Caughnawaga, in New 
York. 

147 — Other Mission- 
aries 

Other priests, some 
of them from rich and 
noble families of 
France, were anxious 
to follow in the foot- 
steps of Father Jogues. 
In 1648, Father Daniel, 
while saying Mass for 
Huron converts was 
killed at the foot of the 
altar. The Iroquois then massacred the Catholic Indians 
of his mission. 

Three years later the renowned Father Breboeuf, and his 







flWLC 




Portrait and Signature of Father Jogues 



68 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

friend Father Lalement, were martyred by the same fierce 
savages. Breboeuf 's mouth was crashed by a stone to stop 
his prayers. His nose and lips were cut off, and a burning 
brand was thrust into his mouth. Lalement was wrapped 
in pieces of bark which then were set on fire, and he was 
slowly roasted . At last his life was ended by the tomahawk. 

148 — Peace 

After a fierce war with the Hurons, the Iroquois them- 
selves begged for peace. The Onondagas were the fu-st 
to ask for a priest, and Father Le Moyne was sent to 
them in 1655. He went to the village of Onondaga and, 
while on this mission, discovered the salt springs near 
Syracuse, New York. 

He was followed by other priests, and the first Catholic 
chapel in New York was built near where Syracuse now 
stands (1655). The natives were so zealous that it was 
finished in a day. The pagan Indians again went on the 
war path, but the great chief Garacontie favored the 
Christians, and peace was restored. Garacontie himself 
became a Catholic, in 1669, and remained faithful until 
his death. 

CHAPTER XXIII 
MARQUETTE 

149 — Marquette 

The work of the French priests took them gradually fur- 
ther west. By 1671, they had established missions at the 
head of Lake J^Iichigan. The station at Mackinaw on that 
lake was in charge of the Jesuit Father Marquette. The 
Indians often spoke to Father Marquette of a great river 
which was many days' travel away toward the setting sun. 
The savages called it Mississippi or "Father of Waters." 



'\ 



MARQUETTE DISCOVERS THE MISSISSIPPI 69 

150 — Search for the Great River 

Father Marquette determined to search for these waters, 
in 1673, thinkino: he might reach the Pacific Ocean on them. 
He took with him a French trader named Joliet and five 
other companions, embarking in two canoes. Crossing 
Lake Michigan the explorers paddled up Green Bay and then 
to the head of the Fox River. Here they landed and caiTied 
their light canoes 

a short distance -^^^^^i^;- _-^^^j:|^^\w^(-< 
across country to f^ 
another stream. 
This was the Wis- 
consin River and 

now, instead of ^^ 

paddling against ^^HB|. flE^p^^^ '| 

the cm-rent, they 
floated easily 
down toward the 
river's mouth. 

151 — The Missis- 
sippi 
In a week the 

explorers came to . , , , , 

, , I 1 Father Marquette with the calumet, the 

abroadandsplen- symbol of peace 

did river. The 

*' River of the Immaculate Conception" Marquette called 
it. It was indeed the Mississippi, the ''Father of Water's," 
and the hearts of all were filled with joy and thanksgiving. 
On and on they floated, through a country of beautiful 
plains and noble forests, until the mouth of a river they 
named the Des Moines was reached. Here they rested 
for some days, while Father Marquette preached to the In- 
dians of the tribe of ''Illinois." They had heard of the 




70 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

" Black Gown ", as the priests were called, and welcomed him 
and begged him to stay with them. Marquette could not 
do this but promised to return. 

152 — Arkansas 

Starting again, the little band paddled onward, passing 
the mouths of the Missouri and Ohio Rivers. At last a 
country where the ''natives never saw snow" was reached. 
They had arrived at Arkansas and had reached that part of 
the country discovered by De Soto one hundred and thirty 
years before. Marquette learned from the natives that 
the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not into 
the Pacific Ocean. 

153— The Return 

Eager to send the great news of the discoveries to Canada, 
Marquette turned and commenced the journey home. 
Another stop was made with the friendly Illinois, and then 
he pushed on to the mission at Green Bay. Joliet returned 
to Canada to tell of their journey, but Marquette remained 
to labor with the Indians. 

154 — Death of Marquette 

A year later Marquette was made happy by being allowed 
to return to the Illinois. He journeyed down the Mississippi 
to Kaskaskia, but he was ill and suffered much on the way. 
The Indians welcomed him and listened gladly to his words 
and a mission was founded among them. Good Father 
Marquette could not stay with them long, for his health was 
broken by the work and hardships of the wilderness. He 
started to return, but the journey was too hard for his feeble 
body. When near the border of Lake Michigan, he could 
go no further. Here the gentle Jesuit passed away, happy 
to die in God's holy work, and in the service of the Indians 



LA SALLE 



71 



he loved so well. A splendid statue of the saintly explorer 
has been erected by the State of Wisconsin in the Capitol 
at Washington. 




Death of Father Marquette ' 

CHAPTER XXIV 
LA SALLE 
155— La Salle 

A few years after the exploration of the Mississippi, a 
Frenchman, named La Salle, determined to sail down that 
river to the Gulf of Mexico. He built a small sailing ship on 
the Niagara River and crossed the Great Lakes to Green Bay. 
Here La Salle and his companions, among whom were sev- 
eral priests, left their ship and sailed down Lake Michigan 
in canoes. They came to a spot where the great city of 
Chicago now stands, and paddled up the river of that name. 
Carrying their canoes from the Chicago to the Illinois River, 



72 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



they floated down to the Mississippi. The weather was 
very cold and the river was coated with ice but the brave 
La Salle and his companions did not falter. 

156 — Country Claimed for France — Called Louisiana 
As they journeyed down the great river landings were 

made, and the word of God was preached to the natives. 

Crosses were erected in many places, and the country was 

claimed for France. In 
1682, after two months on 
the Mississippi, La Salle 
reached the Gulf of Mexico. 
Great was his joy, and the 
Te Deum was chanted. A 
volley of musketry was 
fired, and La Salle took 
possession of the country 
for King Louis XIV, of 
France. In the King's 
honor he named the region 
Louisiana and claimed for 
him all the territory drained 
by the Mississippi River, 
and by the rivers flowing 
into it. This great territory 
of Louisiana reached from 

the Alleghany Mountains to the Rocky Mountains, and 

from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. 

157— Death of La Salle 

La Salle returned to Canada and then to France, where he 
told King Louis of his discoveries. The King sent him out 
again at the head of an expedition to settle and fortify 
Louisiana. He sailed into the Gulf of Mexico, but missed 




Robert Cavalier De La Salle 



EUROPEAN CLAIMS IN AMERICA 73 

the mouth of the Mississippi River, and landed in Texas. 
In 1687, while attempting to reach the Mississippi overland, 
La Salle was murdered by one of his own men. While the 
great La Salle was not a priest, he was a fervent Catholic, 
and in his explorations had ever in mind the advancement 
of his holy religion. 

158 — French Settlements 

The French were not slow in settling the territory of 
Louisiana. In 1701, they founded Mobile, and New Orleans, 
in 1718. To control the passage between the Great Lakes, 
they built a fort in Detroit, in 1701. Along the Mississippi 
and Ohio forts and settlements were established. 

The English held most of the coast of North America, 
and the French the interior. These two nations were soon 
to fight for the possession of the whole land. 

159 — End of the Colonization Period 

At the end of the period of colonization the three great 
powers of England, France, and Spain controlled all of 
North America. 

England's colonies stretched along the Atlantic from 
Florida to Nova Scotia, and back to the Alleghanies. 

France owned Canada, and the vast valley of the Missis- 
sippi embraced in the Louisiana territory. 

Spain held Florida and Mexico, which at that time in- 
cluded Texas and California. 

Let us see what happened after all these regions had been 
settled. 



74 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION IV 

1. Maryland was settled (1634) by English Catholics led 
by Lord Baltimore. He gave freedom to all who believed 
in Christ and the colony became the refuge of the persecuted. 

2. The Swedes settled in Delaware, but the colony was 
soon taken by the Dutch. The English took Delaware at 
the time they captured New York. 

3. Pennsylvania was settled by English Quakers under 
WilUam Penn (1681). 

4. The CaroUnas were settled by the English (about 1665) 
who named the country after their King Charles II. 

5. Georgia the last of the thirteen colonies, was settled by 
the English under General Oglethorpe, (1733). It was 
called after King George II. 

6. The French settled in Canada, and their Catholic 
missionaries rapidly worked their way southward and west- 
ward. They labored with heroic sacrifice for the conversion 
of the Indians. The names of Fathers Jogues, Breboeuf 
and Lalement will forever be remembered as martyrs in this 
cause. 

7. The French priests also did much valuable exploration. 
The Great Lakes, and the Salt Springs of New York, were 
discovered by them. 

8. The first Catholic chapel in New York was built at an 
Indian mission (1655) near the present site of Syracuse. 

9. The saintly Jesuit, Marquette, discovered the upper 
Mississippi and explored it as far south as Arkansas. 

10. La Salle and his companions explored the Mississippi 
as far as the Gulf of Mexico. They gave the vast surround- 
ing territory the name Louisiana, in honor of King Louis 
XIV, claiming it all for France. 



BIOGRAPHIES 



BIOGRAPHIES 

Columbus 

Christopher Columbus (Italian, Cristoforo Columbo; 
Spanish, Cristobal Colon) was born in Genoa, Italy, in 1440, 
and died in Valladolid, Spain, in 1506. His father was a 
wool comber and young Christopher helped him in his work. 
When the boy was 14 years old, he went to sea. Having 
made many voyages on the Mediterranean, he settled in 
Lisbon, Portugal, then the center of maritime enterprises. 
He supported himself by making maps and charts. Col- 
umbus gradually became convinced that the earth is a 
sphere; but he thought that it was much smaller than it is. 

By sailing due west, the spice growing countries of Apango 
(Japan) and the Indies could be reached, he concluded. For 
help to fit out a ship to prove his theories, Columbus ap- 
pealed vainly for years to the courts of Portugal, France, and 
Spain. Finally Queen Isabella the Catholic, of Spain, gave 
him two vessels and crews, and his friends added a third 
vessel, well manned. With these ships he discovered the 
new world, landing first on Watlings Island, which he called 
San Salvador, October 12, 1492. He made three more 
voyages to America, but died believing that he had found 
only the eastern shore of Asia. 

Cabot 

John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto) was bom in 
Genoa in 1450. He became a trader in spices, perfumes 
and other articles then brought from the Indies. Like 
Columbus he believed the earth to be a sphere. Under the 
patronage of Henry VII King of England, he sailed from 

75 



76 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

Bristol, England, in 1497, in a vessel that would seem tiny 
to-day. He reached land, probably Cape Breton, in the 
New World. On a second voyage he discovered the territory 
we now call Labrador. His greatest fame rests on the fact 
that he discovered the mainland of North America. 

Vespucci 

Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator and explorer, was born 
in Florence, Italy, in 1451, and died in Seville, Spain, in 1512. 
On a voyage he made to the east coast of South America, in 
1499, he followed the track of the third voyage of Columbus. 
After the death of Columbus the members of the Strassburg 
Academy of Cosmography believing that Amerigo Vespucci 
had discovered the continent, voted that his name ''Amer- 
ica " should be given to the New World. Thus Columbus 
was wrongfully deprived of an honor belonging to him. 

Las Casas 

Bartholome de Las Casas is a name that will be held 
in the highest honor while men love humanity and justice. 
A priest of the Dominican order, he labored for fifty 
years in mission work among the natives of the Spanish 
provinces in the New World. All his active life was devoted 
to freeing the Indians, who had been forced to work as 
slaves on plantations, and in gold and silver mines. He was 
the first ''abolitionist" (one who would free slaves) of 
America. Protestants as well as Catholics pay homage to 
his memory and his untiring efforts in behalf of the Indians. 

Cortes 

Hernando Cortes, is one of the greatest names con- 
nected with Spanish history in America. Born at Medellin, 
Spain, in 1485, he removed to the New World in 1504. 
With a force of 700 men and ten small cannon he sailed, in 



BIOGRAPHIES 77 

1519, to conquer Mexico, a country then but very recently 
discovered. After fighting many battles with the natives 
(Aztec Indians), he forced his way into Mexico City and 
made the Emperor Montezuma a prisoner. The Emperor 
died of grief and the enraged people, probably 50,000 in 
number, drove out the Spaniards. Many of these were 
killed. But outside the city Cortes rallied the rest, induced 
other Indian tribes to help him, and laid siege to the place. 
Again he captured it, and Spain held it for over 300 years. 
Cortes died in Seville, Spain, in 1547. Steadfastness of 
purpose was the chief feature of his character. 

Cartier 

Jacques Cartier was the navigator and explorer who 
brought the great region we call Canada to the attention of 
civilized Europe. His exploration, however, did not bear 
fruit till nearly a hundred years after his voyage up the St. 
Lawrence River. He sailed up this great river thinking it 
was a passage way to China. The memory of this fact is 
preserved in the name of the rapids which stopped the ves- 
sel's progress — La Chine. These are near Montreal, where 
Cartier landed and found an Indian village called Hochelaga. 
Cartier returned to France and vainly urged the great value 
of founding French settlements in the newly explored terri- 
tory. This far-seeing explorer was born in St. Milo, France, 
in 1494, and died in the same city, in 1557. 

Champlain 

Samuel de Champlain, the ''Father of Canada" was 
born at Bronage, in France, and made his first voyage to 
Canada in 1603 and his second in 1608, when he founded 
Quebec. He discovered the lake which bears his name; 
explored much of the Great Lakes region; made maps of the 
country and began various settlements there. In 1620, 



78 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

Champlain became governor of Canada, or. as it was then 
called, New France. He died at Quebec in 1633. Brave, 
honorable, pious, and capable, he did more for Canada than 
any other one of its French colonial governors. 

Hudson 

Henry Hudson, an English sea captain, won lasting 
fame by his exploration work in North America. Com- 
missioned by a London Company to look for a water route 
through the New World to the Indies, he examined the east 
shore of Greenland but found no such water way. The 
Dutch East India Company employed him, in 1609, for the 
same purpose. He crossed the Atlantic in a small vessel, 
called the Half Moon, and searched for the Northwest Pas- 
sage along the United States coast from Chesapeake Bay to 
Long Island. Entering New York Harbor, he sailed up the 
Hudson River to where Albany now stands. Then finding 
the Hudson was a river, and not a passage through the con- 
tinent, he returned to Europe. Once more, in 1610, in an en- 
deavor to discover the water passage he sailed through the 
strait and into the great bay now bearing his name (Hudson 
Bay). 

Dongan 

Thomas Dongan, was born at Castletown, Ireland, in 
1634. Appointed in 1682, Governor of New York, Dongan 
gave the city of New York a liberal charter, which is still 
the base of much of the city's fundamental law. Its most 
praiseworthy guarantee is freedom of religion to all. This 
right Dongan, himself a Catholic, granted without being 
asked. Falsely accused of inciting the Five Nations to war 
against the French in Canada, Governor Dongan resigned 
his office. Later, he returned to Ireland where he inherited 
the earldom of Limerick. He died in London Dec. 14, 1715. 



SECTION V 



COLONIAL WARS. DISCONTENT 



CHAPTER XXV 
INDIAN WARS 

160— The Pequod War 

The Connecticut River settlements had hardly been started 
when trouble with the Indians began. The Pequods, a 
warlike tribe of Indians, went on the warpath, in 1637, and 
threatened the colony. The colonists resolved to attack 
them and settle the matter once for all. Seven hundred of 
the Pequods were gathered in a fort on the Mystic River. 
The English attacked at daybreak, while the Indians slept. 
The barking of a dog awoke the Indians, but it was too late. 
Captain Mason seized a fire brand and threw it over the 
wooden stockade (fence) and the wigwams of the Indians 
caught fire. Hundreds of them were burned, and those 
who tried to run away were shot. The whole tribe was 
wiped out. 

161 — Peace and Growth 

This short but fierce war ended the Indian trouble in New 
England for a long time. The country was now considered 
safe. Many other settlers arrived, and New England grew 
rapidly. 

162 — King Philip's War 

Massasoit, the friendly Indian Chief who had welcomed 
the English to America, died in 1660. His son Alexander 



80 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



became chief but died soon after. The Indians beUeved his 
death had been caused by the EngUshmen. Philip, another 
son of Massasoit, then became king of the Wampanoags 
and prepared to make war on the white men. He felt that 
the Indians were being cheated out of their lands, and that 




The Pequod War 

the colonists should be driven back to England. In 1675, 
the Indians went on the war path. 

A cruel war ensued which continued for two years. The 
Indians attacked the settlements and slew the colonists and 
burned their homes. 



163— The Swamp Fight 

At last the Indians were cornered in a swamp in Rhode 
Island. A desperate fight took place, the Indians were 
beaten, and their wigwams and supplies all burned. The 
tribe of Narragansetts was also attacked by the colonists and 
almost exterminated. 



COLONIAL WARS 81 

This ended the Indian wars in New England. All that 
were left of the red men were forced to leave their lands and 
go further into the wilderness. 

164 — Indian Wars in the South 

The colonists in the Carolinas went through similar ex- 
periences with the Indians and for the same reasons — be- 
cause they were harsh and cruel to the natives who fought 
and massacred them in return. 

The Tuscarora War (1711),* 

The Yernassee War (1715), 

The Cherokee War (1757), were cruel on both sides but 
always resulted in the same way — in the victory of the 
colonists and the forcing of the Indians further back into 
the country. 

CHAPTER XXVI 
WARS BETWEEN FRENCH AND ENGLISH 

165— King Williams' War 

In 1689, the English nation drove the Catholic King 
James from the throne. They invited the Protestant Wil- 
liam of Orange to be their King. King James fled to France 
and war was declared between France and England. France 
offered to keep peace in America, but England refused, and 
Canada and the English colonies in America took up the 
fight. The Iroquois Indians of New York sided with the 
English. All the other Indian tribes fought for the French. 

166 — Massacres of the War 

The French and their Indian friends overran the northern 

settlements of the English and massacred the inhabitants. 

* When the Tuscaroras were defeated they went north to New York 
and joined the Indian Confederacy known as the Five Nations, thence- 
forth the Six Nations. 



82 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Dover, New Hampshire, was attacked and the settlers were 
killed or captured. In the middle of the night a force of 

French and Indians fell 
upon Schenectady, 
N. Y. and captured it. 
Sixty-three of the colo- 
nists were killed. 

167 — Lachine 

In the meantime the 
savage Iroquois invad- 
ed Canada and mas- 
sacred two hundred 
French at the village 
of Lachine, near Mon- 
treal. Many of the 
captives were scalped. 
Montreal was taken 
and held for some 
months. 

For eight years, until 
1697, this bloody war 
was kept up. At the 
end no territory had 
been gained by either 
side. 




The massacre at Lachine 



168 — Queen Anne's War 

Five years after peace was declared, another war in Eu- 
rope brought strife to America. The English queen, Anne, 
had declared war against France and Spain. New England 
was attacked by the Canadians, and the English of the 
Carolinas gave battle to the Spanish in Florida. In 17G2, 
the English captured St. Augustine but retreated when two 



WAES BETWEEN FRENCH AND ENGLISH 



83 



Spanish men of war entered the harbor. The next year 
they attacked the Spanish Indian missions in Florida, de- 
stroying the towns and kilUng 
the priests and many Indians. 
Others were sold as slaves in 
the West Indies. 



169— The War in the North 

In 1704, a party of French 
and Indians fell on the Eng- 
lish at Deerfield, in Massachu- 
setts, and massacred fifty of 
them. One hundred were 
taken prisoners and set out 
on a three hundred miles 
march to Canada, during the 
cold New England winter. 
Those who could not keep 
up were tomahawked and 
scalped. 

The war lasted for eleven 
years, until 1713. The re- 
sult of it was that Acadia be- 
came an English colony. Its 
name was changed to Nova 
Scotia, which means New Scotland. 
Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. 




Queen Anne 
Port Royal became 



170— The Abnaki 

During Queen Anne's War the English tried to get the 
Abnaki Indians of Maine to remain neutral. These Indians 
were Catholics and sided with the French. They were 
attacked several times by the New Englanders, and finally, 
in 1704, a party of Englishmen and Mohawk Indians fell 



84 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



upon their village. Father Rasle, their aged missionary, 
rushed from the chapel only to be met by a volley of bullets. 
Seven chiefs were killed. The bodies of all were mangled, 
and the church was burned. 



171 — King George's 
War 
Again a European 
war spread to Amer- 
ica. It was called 
King George's War 
because George II 
was King of Eng- 
land. It lasted four 
years (1744-1748), 
and its principal 
event was the cap- 
ture of Louisburg, a French fortress on Cape Breton Island. 
This was effected by New England troops, helped by an 
English force. This fort was supposed to be very strong 
and had cost a great deal of money, but it fell before the 
brave New Englanders. At the end of the war Louisburg 
was returned to France. 




-t^-^v.-^'sv ;-^ i=ji^- 



A cruel warfare 



172— Results 

We see that the total result of the three wars of King 
William, Queen Anne, and King George, was that England 
acquired Nova Scotia (Acadia) from the French. 



FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRIES 85 

CHAPTER XXVII 
FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRIES 

173 — French and English Claims 

The time was now coming when either France or England 
would have to give away in America. The French claimed 
all the territory beyond the Alleghany mountains, by right 
of discovery and exploration. They had established more 
than sixty forts and posts in this region, and were prepared 
to fight for their claims. The English colonies also claimed 
this territory. They had received charters for it from their 
Kings, and had purchased it from the Indians. 

174— French Colonization 

It is well to know a little about the different methods of 
colonization practiced by the French and English. The 
French sent out to America comparatively few people, who 
spread over a large expanse of territory which they held by 
building forts. They did not interfere with the pursuits of 
the Indians, and did not seek to make homes for themselves 
in the country, but only to hold it for their King. 

175 — English Colonization 

On the other hand the English kept together and estab- 
lished thickly settled communities. They drove away the 
Indians, conquered the forest and made settlements. Each 
man was out to establish a permanent home. The French 
were acting for their King. The English colonists were 
acting for themselves, and had come to make new and 
lasting homes. 

176— Results 

When the final struggle came the result of these different 
systems was seen in the fact that the French had only about 



86 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



80,000 people in North America while the English had 
1,160,000. 

177 — Ohio Company 

In 1750, a large grant of land along the Ohio River was 
made by the English King to the Ohio Company, and sur- 
veyors went out to measure it. The French occupied the 
territory and were rapidly building new forts further east. 

178 — George Washington 
About that time there lived in Virginia a young man 

named George Washington. He was born in 1732, and came 

from one of the best 
families in the colonies. 
As a boy he wanted to be 
a sailor, but his mother 
objected, and he became 
a surveyor instead. He 
travelled all through the 
wilderness surveying the 
country, and was often 
in danger of his life. 
On reaching manhood, 
Washington joined a 
military company and 
soon became a Major. 

He was a fine looking young man, tall and well built, and 

was known to be cool and fearless. 




Washington and his mother 



1 79 — Washington ' s Mission 

So Governor Dinwiddle chose Major Washington to carry 
a message to the French commander in the Ohio district, 
and ask him to withdraw his troops. 

The French commander at Fort Le Boeuf , in northwest 



FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRIES 



87 



Pennsylvania, received Washington pleasantly but refused 
to leave the country. 




Major Washington on his trip to the French commander 



180— Washington's Return 

On the return trip to Virginia Washington met with many 
dangers. Snow and ice made travelling dangerous. His 
horse gave out, and he was obliged to walk. While crossing 
a river on a raft of logs, he was thrown into the icy waters 
and nearly drowned. An Indian shot at him from ambush 
but missed him. In spite of all these dangers Washington 
reached home safely and reported the failure of his mission. 
He also urged the great importance of gaining the territory 
along the Ohio River. Washington realized that the upper 
Ohio River was the gateway to the great West. Seeing the 
future need of the colonies for expansion in that direction, 
he was anxious that this gateway should be held by the 
English. 



88 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

CHAPTER XXVIII 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

181 — French and Indian War 

A war now started which lasted nine years, from 1754 
to 1763. The Americans attempted to build a fort on the 
site now occupied by the city of Pittsburg. Washington 
was sent with a force to help them. Before he arrived the 
French drove them away and completed the work, calling 
it Fort Duquesne. A large force of the French attacked 
Washington at a stockade he had built and called Fort 
Necessity. He fought bravely, but was compelled to sur- 
render. Washington and his men were allowed to keep their 
arms and to return to Virginia. 




Albany in olden times 



182 — Albany Convention 

A convention of the colonies was called at Albany, in 1754, 
to make a treaty with the Iroquois Indians. Benjamin 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



89 



Franklin proposed that the colonies unite with one another 
under a President General, to be appointed by the English 
Government. The colonies refused this plan because it 
gave too much power to the President General. The Eng- 
lish government refused it because it gave too much power 
to the colonists. So Franklin thought it must be a very 
good half way measure. The Albany Convention had a 
good effect in making the colonists better acquainted with 
one another. 



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Death of Braddock — Washington takes command 



183 — March against Fort Duquesne 

The gi-eat ** Seven Years War" now started in Europe, 
and France and England hurried soldiers to America. As 
usual the Iroquois Indians took part with the English, while 
the other Indians fought for the French. The English 
General Braddock, with fourteen hundred British regulars, 
set out, in 1755, to capture Fort Duquesne. Washington, 



90 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



now a Colonel, went with the expedition. Braddock be- 
lieved the British troops were the finest in the world and that 
nothing could beat them. Washington tried to explain that 
fighting in America was different from fighting in Europe, 
but Braddock would not listen to him. 



184— Braddock's Defeat 

The redcoats marched along in solid ranks and even re- 
fused to send out scouts to see if the enemy was near. The 
French and Indians, knowing the path Braddock would 
take, hid themselves behind trees and bushes and waited in 
ambush. Then, without notice, the French poured a hail 
of bullets into the British ranks. The English did not know 
how to fight a foe they could not see. and a panic followed. 
Braddock was mortally wounded. What was left of his 

army was saved 
b y Washington 
and his colonial 
troops. 

185— The Expul- 
sion of the 
Acadians, 
1755 
During Queen 
Anne's War the 
English had 
taken Acadia and 
called it Nova 
Scotia. But the 
French inhabi- 

The Acadians seek comfort from their priest 

gion were peace- 
ful and allowed to remain. Now however the English 




THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 91 

claimed to fear the Acadians would take sides with the 
French. With that excuse the English committed one 
of the most cruel acts in history. Sending troops and 
a fleet to the peaceful country, they carried away seven 
thousand of these quiet people, to different settlements along 
the Atlantic coast. They were set on shore at various places, 
without money or friends, and without regarding family ties. 
Parents and children, sisters and brothers, husbands and 
wives, were separated, never to meet again. Longfellow's 
beautiful poem *' Evangeline" tells of the sufferings of the 
Acadians. 

186 — French Successes 

General Montcalm, a great commander, was now in charge 
of the French forces and during the next two years won 
many victories. In 1757, he attacked the English at Fort 
William Henry and captured it. The English were pro- 
mised a safe retreat to Fort Edward. However they had no 
sooner left the fort than the Indian allies of the French fell 
on them and the retreat became a massacre. The French 
officers did all in their power to save them, but the blood- 
thirsty Indians could not be held in check. 

187— William Pitt 

William Pitt, a true friend of the American colonies, 
came into power in England, in 1757. He rushed more 
troops and new generals to America and raised a colonial 
force as well. A spirited campaign was started, in 
1758. Louisburg, the great stronghold on Capt Breton 
Island, with six thousand French prisoners in it, was cap- 
tured. Washington led a force against Fort Duquesne, 
and this time was successful. The fort was taken, and 
the settlement named Pittsburg, in honor of the English 
statesman. 



92 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



188 — Quebec 

The final blow of the war was aimed at Quebec, in 1759. 
The French forts in northern New York were easily taken 
by the English, and then a force of 8,000 men under General 
Wolf sailed up the St. Lawrence to assault Quebec, the 
greatest fortress in America. It was built on a high bluff 
which seemed impossible to climb. In vain the English 
looked for a way to reach the top. At length Wolf dis- 
covered a narrow path leading to the heights. 




Quebec — The English gain the plains of Abraham 

189— Death of Montcalm and Wolf 

During the night the British silently climbed that path in 
single file. When the day came, the French were astounded 
to find the enemy drawn up in battle line on the ''Plains of 
Abraham. '' The forces were evenly matched, and a fierce 
battle started (September 13) . The English were victorious 
but both Montcalm and Wolf, the brave commanders, were 
killed. 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



93 



190 — Results 

Peace was declared in 1763. The French King ceded 
to England all the territory France claimed east of the 
Mississippi River. Spain gave Florida to England. France 
gave Spain all the French territory west of the Mississippi. 

191 — Conspiracy of Pontiac 

The Indians hated the English, their new rulers, and many 
of the tribes united in a plan to overthrow them. Their 




Pontiac addressing his Indian Allies 

leader was a chief called Pontiac. On a certain date the 
Indians fell upon the various English forts in the valley of 
the Great Lakes and captured almost all of them. Pontiac 
however, was defeated in a scheme to massacre the garrison 
at Detroit. He then laid siege to the fort, but failed to cap- 
ture it, and the uprising collapsed. 



94 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

CHAPTER XXIX 
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

192 — Causes of the Revolution 

When the EngUsh colonists came to America they were 
looking for freedom. They expected to be fairly treated by 
the mother country. They had a gi'eat affection for Eng- 
land and no thought of ever separating from her. Besides 
they were more or less dependent on England. Now, how- 
ever, the French had been driven out of America, and the 
colonists had no longer anything to fear from them. The 
Americans had proved themselves to be good fighters and 
to have good officers. 

193 — Navigation Acts 

During the French and Indian War, and at its conclusion, 
laws were passed in England which were thought unjust by 
the colonies. The Navigation Act forced the colonies to 
employ only English ships in trading with foreign countries. 
The colonists owned many fine vessels and were not able 
to use them when this law was enforced. 

194— Acts of Trade 

Then the Acts of Trade forced the colonists to sell all 
their produce to English merchants and forbade the manu- 
facture of many articles in the colonies. So that an Amer- 
ican might raise sheep, and have quantities of wool, but 
could not have it made into cloth in the colonies. He would 
have to send the wool to England to have it spun or woven 
And so it was with iron, of which there was plenty in Penn- 
sylvania; and with tar and turpentine, obtained in the forests 
of the Carolinas. These laws were most unjust to the col- 
onists. They were all in favor of the English manufacturer 
and merchant. 



CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



95 



195— George the Third 

George the Third had now become king, and he de- 
termined to make the colonists pay for the great cost of the 
French and Indian War. He said it had been fought for 
their benefit and that they should pay for it. Now the 
Colonies were not unwilling to help pay this debt, but they 
wanted to do so in their own way. They wanted to have 
their own assemblies levy the tax. They objected to Par- 
liament taxing them because they were not represented in 
Parliament. If they were going to pay taxes they wanted 
some say in the matter. '' Taxation without representation 
is tyranny" became theu' slogan. The colonists did not 
ask for representation in Parliament. They simply claimed 
that Parliament should tax Great Britain, and that the 
Colonial Assemblies should tax the Colonies. 



196— Stamp Act (1765) 

This was a law compelling the colonists to put stamps on 
all legal papers. These stamps were of different values and 
were sold by the English Government, so they were a tax. 
When this law was passed the colonists were infuriated. 
English office holders 
were mobbed, and the 
Americans agreed to 
use no articles made 
in England. When 
the stamps arrived 
church bells were 
tolled, flags put at 
half mast, and the day 
made one of mourn- 
ing. Then in many 

places the stamps _ 

were seized and torn Denouncing the stamp Act 




96 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

up or burned. Patrick Henry, a young lawyer, thrilled 
the country by a speech in the Virginia Assembly de- 
nouncing the British king. 

197— Repeal of 
Stamp Act 

The British 
government now 
foolishly thought 
that it was the 
Stamp Act that 
was making the 
trouble and so 
they repealed it, 
in 1766, a year 
after it was 
made. Parlia- 
ment however 
still claimed the 
right to tax the 
colonies, and 

„ , . , „ taxes were put 

Patrick Henry , . 

on tea, glass, 

paints and other things. Soldiers were sent out to America 

to enforce the taxes. To make matters worse the Military 

Act was passed, in 1768. This act made the colonists give 

food and shelter to the soldiers that were sent to coerce 

them. 

198 — Boston Massacre 

The colonists hated the English soldiers, and many quar- 
rels took place. The soldiers were brutal and insolent; and, 
in 1770, a serious clash occurred in Boston. The British 
fired into a crowd of men, killing three and wounding two. 




CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



97 



War commenced to be talked of, and the desire for union 
amongst the colonies was strong. 




The Boston Massacre 

199— Tea Tax 1773 

Again Parliament made a mistake. Fearing the temper 
of the Americans, they took off the tax on everything except 
tea. It was even arranged that tea could be bought cheaper 
in America, including the tax, than it could in England, tax 
free. The English thought the Americans only cared for 
the money loss by taxation. They were mistaken. The 
Americans cared more for their rights and principles than 
for any amount of money. 

200— Boston Tea Party 

When the tea began to arrive, there was trouble. In 
Philadelphia and New York the people turned the tea 



98 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

bearing vessels out of the harbor. In Boston the English 
officers would not allow this. So a party of men dressed 
themselves up as Indians, painted their faces, boarded the 
ship at night, and dumped the tea overboard into the harbor. 
The English of course considered that they had been de- 
fied by the colonists, and some very severe laws were passed. 
By one of these the port of Boston was closed to ships, and 
the government moved to Salem. Much distress ensued, 
and the other colonies came to Boston's help with supplies. 

201— Quebec Act, 1774 

A law was passed by the British Parliament extending the 
Quebec province south to the Ohio Valley and west to the 
Mississippi, and granting freedom of worship to Catholics 
in that territory. It was passed to keep the French Cana- 
dian Catholics loyal to England in case of trouble with the 
colonies. This was a strange step for Parliament to take, for 
while the laws of England persecuted Catholics in Ireland, 
it favored them in Quebec. The Colonies resented the 
Quebec Act, because they claimed the Ohio territory be- 
longed to them, according to their charters. 

202 — First Congress 

The ''Intolerable Acts," as these new laws were called, 
made the Americans more determined than ever to stand 
up for their rights. A Congress, called on Sept. 5, 1774, 
met in Philadelphia. All the colonies, except Georgia, were 
represented by their ablest men. Nothing was said as to 
independence, but Congress resolved that the recent laws*of 
Parliament were null and void, and issued a protest against 
keeping armies quartered on the people. 



REVIEW 99 

IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION V 

1. The principal colonial Indian Wars were: 

The Pequod War in Connecticut 1637 

King PhiUp's War in Massachusetts 1675 

The Tuscarora War, 1711 

The Yeraassee War, 1715 

The Cherokee War, 1757 
The last three were in the Southern Colonies. They were 
all cruel and all resulted the same way — in the victory of the 
whites. 

2. "King William's War" started in Europe and spread 
to America, where the English colonists took up arms 
against the French in Canada. It lasted eight years 
(1689-97), was cruel on both sides, and resulted in no 
change of territory. 

3. ''Queen Anne's War" involved England, France, and 
Spain, and their colonies in America. It lasted eleven 
years, (1702-13), and resulted in the capture of Acadia by 
the EngUsh. They changed its name to Nova Scotia (New 
Scotland). 

4. "King George's War," lasted four years (1744 to 1748). 
The English captured the strong French fortress of Louis- 
burg on Cape Breton Island but returned it at the end of the 
war. 

5. Both the English and French claimed the territory at 
the head of the Ohio River. George Washington first ap- 
pears in history when he was sent by the English to demand 
the withdrawal of the French from that territory. 

6. The refusal of the French to leave this territory led to 
the ''French and Indian War." This lasted nine years 
(1754-63) and resulted in the cession to England of Canada 
and all the French territory east of the Mississippi. 



100 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

7. The English ParUament wanted to tax the American 
Colonies to help pay the cost of this war. The colonists 
were willing to pay, but claimed their own AssembUes should 
impose the tax. Parliament would not agree, and imposed 
a tax by passing the Stamp Act. 

8. The colonists refused to use the stamps and destroyed 
them. ParUament repealed the Stamp Act, but imposed 
other taxes which the colonists also refused to pay. Fi- 
nally all taxes, except that on tea, were taken off. 

9. The Colonists refused to pay this tax and threw the 
tea overboard, or ordered the tea-laden ships from their 
harbors. 

Then Parliament passed very severe laws called the Five 
IntoUerable Acts. The port of Boston was closed and troops 
were quartered on the people. 

10. A Congress was called and met at Philadelphia Sept. 
5, 1774. All the colonies but Georgia were represented and 
resolutions were passed declaring the hated laws of Parlia- 
ment null and void. Great excitement prevailed through- 
out the country. 




Copyright itsao by A., 



SECTION VI 



THE REVOLUTION 



CHAPTER XXX 
THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 

203 — Preparations 

In the meantime General Gage in Boston had become 
alarmed and seized powder and arms wherever he could find 
them. The Americans had long been drilling and bands of 
''Minute Men'' had been formed. They were so called 
because they had pledged themselves to fight the British 
soldiers at a minute's notice. It was arranged that lanterns 
should be hung in a Boston church steeple whenever the 
British made an unfriendly move from Boston. 

204— Battle of Lexington, Apr. 19, 1775 

General Gage heard that the Americans were collecting 
arms and ammunition at Concord, a village twenty miles 
from Boston. That night two lighted lanterns were placed 
in the tower window of the old North Church in Boston. 
They told the Americans that the British were moving. 
Paul Revere, an American patriot, mounted his horse and 
set out on a wild ride to alarm the countryside. The next 
morning, when the British reached the town of Lexington, 
a little company of Minute Men were drawn up on the 
village green. The British fired a volley, and seven Amer- 
icans fell dead. The War of the Revolution had com- 
menced. 

101 




102 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 103 

205 — Concord 

The British pushed on to Concord but could not find the 
stores of guns and powder. Here another band of Ameri- 
cans gave them battle, and ''fired the shot heard 'round the 
world/' The news of the fight spread and the whole coun- 
tryside was soon in arms. Every man and boy that could 
hold a gun came running to take a shot at the enemy. From 
behind fences, trees, and hedges they poured their fire, and 
nearly every Yankee shot brought a Red Coat down. The 
retreat became a massacre and only the arrival of fresh 
troops from Boston saved the remnant of the force. Three 
hundred English soldiers were left dead or wounded along 
the roadside. 

206— The Effect 

The effect of this fight was wonderful. Volunteers rushed 
to arms all over the country. Twelve thousand patriots 
surrounded Boston and shut the British in. Meetings were 
called in each colony, and the royal governors were expelled. 

207 — Fort Ticonderoga 

A company of farmers from Vermont called ''Green 
Mountain Boys, " under Ethan Allen, surprised Fort Ticon- 
deroga, on May 10th, and demanded its surrender. "By 
what authority,'' demanded the British commandant. " In 
the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Con- 
gress," replied Allen. The fort was then surrendered with 
great stores of guns and powder and not an American was 
lost. 

208— Bunker Hill 

Bunker Hill overlooked the city of Boston from across 
the Charles River. The British determined to fortify it, but 
on the morning of June 17th found they were too late. 



104 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 




Capture cf Fort Ticonderoga 

During the night the Americans under General Prescott had 
thrown up earthworks on the top of Breed's Hill, an eleva- 
tion near Bunker Hill. General Howe crossed the river 
with three thousand men to drive them out. 

209— The Battle 

The Americans lay silently behind their breastworks. 
They were ordered not to fire until they saw the ''whites of 
the enemy's eyes." The English charged up the hill in solid 
ranks with fixed bayonets. They came within a few yards 
of the top. Every American had picked his man. At the 
command of ''Fire" a hail of bullets mowed down the ranks 
of the enemy, and drove them to the bottom of the hill. 
Again the British charged and again they were repulsed. A 
third time they were ordered up the hill. The ammunition 
of the Americans was exhausted. They had no bayonets. 




105 



106 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

but clubbed their muskets and fought desperately. They 
were driven from the hill, but retired in good order. 

210— Result 

Although this first regular battle was a defeat for the 
Americans its effect was as good as a victory. They had 
beaten the British while their ammunition lasted, and, man 
for man, they knew they were the equals of the enemy. 



CHAPTER XXXI 
WASHINGTON TAKES COMMAND 

211 — Second Continental Congress 

In the meantime a second meeting of Congress had been 
held in Philadelphia. The colonies were still willing to 
make fair terms with the King and sent him a petition. He 
refused to receive it. So Congress voted to raise twenty 
thousand men, and appointed George Washington Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Army. 

212 — Washington in Command 

Washington hastened to Boston and on the way was told 
of the brave fight of the Americans at Bunker Hill. '' Then 
our liberties are safe " he said. Washington took command 
of the army on July 3, 1775. All he could do at first was 
drill his soldiers and keep the British shut up in Boston. 
He did not have any big guns with which to bombard the 
city. 

213 — Invasion of Canada 

In the late summer of 1775, two small American armies 
started out to invade Canada. One army under General 
Montgomerj^ went up Lake Champlain and captured Mont- 



WASHINGTON TAKES COMMAND 107 

real. It then moved on to Quebec. Here Montgomery was 
joined by Benedict Arnold with what remained of a force of 
men who had started from Maine. They had gone up the 
Kennebec River and struck out through the wilderness to 
Quebec. They arrived starving and half frozen. Alto- 
gether the two armies had about one thousand men who 
were able to fight. 



Death of Montgomery at Quebec 

214— Attack On Quebec 

After some weeks of siege the armies attacked Quebec 
during a blinding snow storm. The brave Montgomery 
fell in the first charge. Arnold was wounded, and the 
Americans withdrew. 

215 — Aid from Abnaki 

Washington asked the help of the Catholic Indians living 
in Maine. The Indians under chief Orano agreed to help 
the Americans, and then a strange thing happened. The 
New England Puritans who had persecuted these Indians, 



108 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

and even killed their priest, did all in their power to get a 
French Catholic Missionary for them. 

216 — Commissioners to Canada 

The Americans were anxious to get the French Canadians 
to join them in fighting England. So they sent Benjamin 
Franklin, Samuel Chase, Charles Carroll, and Father (after- 
ward Bishop) John Carroll to ask their aid. The French 
Canadians feared the Colonial laws against Catholics, and 
were well satisfied with their treatment under the Quebec 
Act. So they refused to join the Americans in their fight for 
liberty. 

217 — Evacuation of Boston 

As soon as snow covered the ground. General Washington 
had the big guns from Fort Ticonderoga put on sleds and 
hauled to the American lines around Boston. One morning 
the British again found the Americans occupying a hill 
overlooking the city. This time they were on Dorchester 
Heights, but instead of a force of poorly armed Minute Men 
a well drilled army of soldiers, with big cannon, faced the 
city. Washington sent word to General Howe to get out of 
Boston or the town would be fired on. Howe did not waste 
any time but put his troops, and his friends the Tories, on 
board the fleet. The Tories were Americans who took sides 
with the British. They all went to Halifax, in Nova Scotia, 
and Washington and his army marched into Boston. 

218 — Attack on Fort Moultrie 

Early in the summer, of 1776, the British fleet attacked 
the fort which guarded the city of Charleston. The fort was 
built of palmetto logs and the British cannon balls sank 
into the soft wood and did no damage. The Americans 
under the brave Colonel Moultrie were splendid marksmen. 



WASHINGTON TAKES COMMAND 



109 



With no ammunition to waste they fired slowly and carefully 
and every shot counted. Their execution was heavy and 
the enemy's ships were badly damaged and forced to sail 
away. The fort was then named Fort Moultrie after its 
brave commander. 
During the battle the 
flag of South Carolina 
was shot away from 
the staff and fell out- 
side the fort. Ser- 
geant Jasper jumped 
outside where the shot 
and shell were thickly 
flying and recovered 
the flag. 

219 — General Feeling 
of the People 

There was now a 
feeling among patri- 
otic men that things 
had gone too far for 
them ever to submit 
to the King again . Of 
course not everyone 
felt this way. There were still large numbers of loyalists, 
or Tories, as the patriots called them. These people were 
loyal to the King; some because they thought it right, and 
others because such loyalty paid them better. But the 
gi'eater part of the people were in sympathy with the revolt. 

And those who were not were held up to shame and ridi- 
cule by their neighbors, and in many cases were forced to 
leave their homes and take refuge with the English, or move 
further into the wilderness. 




Sergeant Jasper braves shot and shell to 
save the flag 




DRAFTING THE DECLARATION Or hn uiLrii^iN j^jlin ujc 
Franklin, Jefferson, Adams, Livingston, and Sherman 



no 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 111 

CHAPTER XXXII 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

220 — Declaration of Independence 

Congi'ess was in session, and among its members patriots 
were in the great majority. Early in the summer a resolu- 
tion of the greatest importance was introduced. It was to 
the effect ''that the United Colonies are, and of right ought 
to be, free and independent states." This resolution passed. 




Reading rhe Declarauon of Independenct; at Philadelphia 

and the ''Declaration of Independence" which gave birth 
to a new nation was drawn up. Thomas Jefferson was the 
author of this epoch-making document. It was adopted 
on July 4, 1776, which thus became our first " Independence 
Day." The great news was received with joy throughout 
the land. However there were years of hard fighting and 
great suffering to be endured before freedom was finally 
won. 



112 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



221 — Hessians 

When England realized America would fight, she looked 
around for men to fill her army. Not enough of her own 
men would enlist. The pay was too small, and the hard- 
ships and dangers were too great. So the English tried to 
hire European troops. They offered a large sum to Russia 
for an army of Cossacks, but were refused. Finally the 
Prince of Hesse-Cassel and some other nearby Princes of- 
fered to sell some of their troops. During the war thu-ty 

thousand of 
these troops 
came out to fight 
the Americans. 
They were called 
Hessians. Fin- 
ally Frederick 
the Great, King 
of Prussia, who 
greatly admired 
Washington, re- 
fused to allow 
the Hessians to 
cross his country 
to get to Amer- 
ica, and no more 
were sent. 
Throughout all 
this selling of 
men to fight the 
Americans, the Catholic Princes of Germany refused to 
have anything to do with the disgraceful practice. 




Hessian peasants forced from their homes to 
serve in the army 



222— New York 
From the time the British under General Howe had gone 



BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND 113 

to Halifax from Boston, there had been no English soldiers 
in the American colonies. But Washington knew this 
would not last long and felt sure the next attack would be 
on New York. This city was hard for the Americans to 
hold, because cannon placed on the Brooklyn Heights, 
across the East River, could blow it to pieces. And besides, 
the English ships could sail up the river on each side and 
destroy the city with their guns. Some patriots wanted to 
bum New York and lay waste the whole country around 
that it might not afford a livelihood to the British. But 
Washington decided to try and hold the city. He left 
Boston with his army and took up a position on Brooklyn 
Heights. 




An old view of New York 

223— Battle of Long Island 

The British landed a large force at Gravesend Bay, Long 
Island, near where Coney Island now is. More than half of 
this force were Hessians. There were many more British 
soldiers than Americans and on Aug. 27, 1776, Washington's 
troops were defeated in the battle of Long Island. 

The whole force might have been captured and the war 
ended right then but for Washington's quick action. That 
night a heavy fog fell, and under its cover Washington fer- 
ried his army across the river to Manhattan Island. 



114 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

The English followed Washington across the river and 
captured the City of New York. The Americans retreated 
northward and several times gave battle to the British. 

224— Nathan Hale 

Washington wanted to know the plans of the British, and 
to find them out Nathan Hale volunteered to go within their 
lines in disguise. He was a graduate of Yale, and a captain 
in the Regular Army, though but twenty years of age. 
When about to return from the dangerous undertaking, 
Hale was captured and condemned to be hanged as a spy. 
His letters to his family and friends were destroyed, and 
he was denied a clergyman. He died like a brave man, his 
last words being, " I only regret that I have but one life to 
lose for my country." 

225 — ^Retreat Across New Jersey 

Washington crossed over to New Jersey and retreated 
through that state and across the Delaware River. He had 
at the beginning of this retreat about thirteen thousand 
men, but their enlistments were for short terms. The 
British were in hot pursuit, but they were unable to cross 
the Delaware, as Washington had secured all the boats for 
seventy miles along the river. The army under Washington 
grew smaller each day. The cold was intense, and the 
suffering great? but the purpose of the great commander 
never faltered. 

CHAPTER XXXIII 
GLOOM AND HOPE 

226 — Gloomy Outlook 

When the end of the year of 1776 approached, but five 
thousand troops remained in the American camp. The 



GLOOM AND HOPE 



115 



British were sure the whole army would soon melt away, and 
General Howe returned to New York. Lord Comwallis got 
ready to take a vacation in England. The Hessians were 
left to hold Trenton and the line to New York. 

Christmas night was a time of festivity for the Hessians 
in Trenton, A violent storm was raging, and the warmth 
and good cheer indoors claimed them. 




Surrender of the Hessian Colonel RaU at the Battle of Trenton 

227— Battle of Trenton 

This was the time Washington chose to strike. With 
twenty-four hundred men he crossed the Delaware, nine 
miles above Trenton, and marched throughout the night in 
the face of the bitter storm. The Americans fell on the 
Hessian outposts and drove them in. The main body 
hastily forming their ranks, tried to make a stand, but the 
American artillery was well served, and the Hessians were 



116 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

utterly routed. Their commander, General Rail, was mor- 
tally wounded and a thousand prisoners were taken. Ban- 
croft says, "Until that hour the life of the United States 
flickered like a dying flame. That victory turned the 
shadow of death into morning." 

228 — Cornwallis and Washington 

On January 2nd, Lord Cornwallis, who had cancelled his 
trip to England after the battle of Trenton, advanced against 
Washington. Throughout the day his troops were har- 
rassed by the Americans at every point. Re went into 
camp for that night, while re-inforcements were awaited. His 
sleepy sentries could see the campfires of the Americans burn- 
.^ _^ __ ing brightly, and 

V Ut^^- - ^ \ ;^^^^^ ^ he eagerly awaited 



the morning to 
crush the "old 
fox," as he called 
Washington. 

229 — Battle of 
Princeton 

But when the day 
came. Lord Corn- 

$^®> \.J^'^H^^^^^^^%^^^^ wallis was greeted 

Washington rallies the troops at Princeton ^y ^^^ SOUnd of the 

''old fox's" cannon, 
many miles away. Washington had slipped around the 
English during the night and was now busy beating their 
forces in the town of Princeton, eighteen miles away. The 
English resisted stubbornly and in one place the Americans 
faltered. Riding to the front of his troops, within thirty 
yards of the enemy, Washington ''reined in his horse with 
his head toward them." He escaped a full volley from the 




THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR 



117 



British, and the Americans, thrilled by the bravery of their 
commander, quickly rallied and gained the victory. 

230— Foreign Officers 

The bravery of the Americans, and the justice of their 
cause, attracted officers of great worth from Europe. The 
Marquis de Lafayette, 
a brave French youth, ,. "'* 

fitted out a ship at his 
own expense, and 
sailed for the United 
States, in company 
with Baron de Kalb. 
Baron Steuben of 
Germany also arrived 
and worked marvels 
in drilling the Amer- 
icans and teaching 
them the proper use 
of arms and how to 
build fortifications. 
Pulaski and Kosci- 
usko, fresh from fight- 
ing for their beloved 
Poland, came to offer 




Marquis de Lafayette 



their swords to the young nation in America. 

CHAPTER XXXIV 
THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR 

23 1 — Burgoyne 

The British thought that if an army penetrated New York 
from Canada, and another invaded the Hudson Valley from 
New York City, the colonies would be cut in two. So 



118 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



General Burgoyne, with a large force, set out from Canada 
by way of Lakes Champlain and George. It was expected 
that General Howe would move north with a force from 
New York. The American backwoodsmen and farmers 
gathered to stop Burgoyne. Many who would not regu- 
larly enlist were only too eager for this kind of service. 
They lay in ambush and shot the British down. They 
blockaded the roads by felling trees across them and wore 
out the English by constant attacks. 



232 — Bennington 

Burgoyne's supplies began to grow short. Hearing that 
there were rich stores at Bennington, Vermont, he sent a 

strong detach- 



ment to capture 
them. The 
Americans un- 
der General 
Stark surround- 
ed and attacked 
the English. 
*'We must beat 
the redcoats to- 
day, boys, or to- 
British guns turned on them at Bennington ri i cr h t M o 1 1 v 

Stark's a widow,'' cried the American leader. The British 
force, as well as re-inforcements sent to their aid, were com- 
pletely routed and seven hundred taken prisoners. 




233— Battle of Saratoga 

Burgoyne pushed on until he reached Saratoga. The 
whole countryside had risen against him. The British 
tired out, and with little provisions left, were confronted 
by thousands of determined Americans. General Gates 



THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR 119 

was in command, though the hard work of getting ready had 
been performed by General Schuyler. The Americans at- 
tacked fiercely, led by Arnold and Morgan. The English 
were surrounded. The expected help from General Howe 
in New York had failed, and retreat was impossible. 

Burgoyne surrendered himself and all his army, October 
17, 1777, with a total loss in this campaign of close to 10,000 
men. Saratoga was the decisive battle, or turning point, of 
the war of the Revolution. 

234 — Capture of Philadelphia 

Instead of going up the Hudson to meet Burgoyne, Howe 
set out to capture Philadelphia, the American capital. He 
first transported his troops on ships to the Delaware, but 
did not land. He then sailed down the Delaware and up 
the Chesapeake — losing a month's time, which would have 
enabled him to go to Burgoyne's help, and landing within 
thirteen miles of where he first intended. Washington was 
waiting and gave battle at Brandjrwine. The British were 
victorious and on Sept. 25th, took Philadelphia. Congress 
fled to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and then to York, in the 
same state. 

235 — Battle of Germantown 

Washington attacked again, on Oct. 4th, at Germantown, 
where Howe's main army was encamped. The American 
attack had every chance of success, when a thick fog inter- 
fered. Parts of the American forces fired on one another, 
confusion resulted, and the battle was lost. 

236 — French Alliance 

Up to this time France had secretly helped America with 
arms and money, without which the war would have prob- 
ably died out. Immediately after Burgoyne's surrender 




120 



THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR 



121 



France openly espoused the American cause. An alliance 
was formed in the end of 1777. This was the first and only 
Treaty of Alliance ever made by the United States. 

237 — Valley Forge and Philadelphia 

During the winter of 1778 Washington and his troops 
suffered great hardships in the encampment at Valley Forge, 
near Philadelphia. Without enough food or clothing the 
men suffered tortures. Some of them were indeed naked, 
and every night the cry of *'No meat! No meat!" would 
go up from men in the starving army. 

The British lived in luxury in Philadelphia. General 
Howe was succeeded in command by General Clinton. 
Balls and parties occupied the time, and many weak-hearted 
Americans promised allegiance to the King again. 




MOLLY PITCHER AT MONMOUTH 
Her husband shot, she took his place as a gunner 

238— Philadelphia Evacuated 

In the Spring the news of the French alliance changed the 
feeling. Clmton was ordered to evacuate Philadelphia and 



122 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

return to New York. The frightened Tories begged him 
not to abandon them, and so great was their number that 
he did not have ships to take them all. So he decided to 
march his troops overland across the Jerseys. 

239 — Battle of Monmouth 

Washington and his army fell on the British at Mon- 
mouth, June 28, 1778, and would have defeated them, but 
for the treachery of General Charles Lee, an Englishman, 
serving in the American army. As it was the British lost 
heavily and were glad to escape to New York. 



IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION VI 

1. Gen. Gage left Boston to seize some American stores 
at Concord. His troops met the Minute Men in battle at 
Lexington and at Concord. This first bloodshed aroused 
the whole country and united the colonies. 

2. The Americans surrounded Boston and fortified Bun- 
ker Hill. The English attacked and gained the hill, only 
after the ammunition of the Patriots had given out. 

3. A second Continental Congress met and raised an 
army of twenty thousand men. George Washington was 
made commander-in-chief. 

4. An invasion of Canada by two American armies, under 
Montgomery and Arnold, resulted in the capture of Mont- 
real, but defeat before Quebec. 

5. Washington drove the British out of Boston. They 
retired to Halifax. A British attack on Fort Moultrie, 
guarding Charleston, South Carolina, was repulsed. 

6. The feeling amongst the people was that matters had 
now gone too far for any compromise, and on July 4th, 1776, 



REVIEW 123 

Congress enacted the Declaration of Independence, declar- 
ing the colonies to be free and independent of England. 

7. The British landed on Long Island, defeated Wash- 
ington, and took New York. They drove the patriot army 
across New Jersey and over the Delaware River. At the 
end of 1776 the outlook for the new nation was one of gloom. 

8. On the night of Christmas, 1776, Washington led his 
army across the Delaware, and attacked the Hessian gar- 
rison at Trenton. The surprise was complete and the vic- 
tory of the Americans did much to raise their falling hopes. 

9. The following year, 1777, the British planned to cut the 
colonies in two on the line of the Hudson River. Gen. 
Burgoyne, led an English army down from Canada, but was 
surrounded at Saratoga. Disappointed in securing help 
from New York City he was forced to surrender. This was 
the decisive battle of the war. 

10. The news of this battle settled all doubts in the mind 
of the French Government (which had before this time 
secretly helped the Americans) and an alUance was formed 
between the countries. The aid from France thus gained 
was of importance in winning the war. 



SECTION VII 



END OF REVOLUTION. INDEPENDENCE 



CHAPTER XXXV 
THE WEST 

240— The West 

Before the war, England was not anxious to have the 
colonists settle across the Alleghany Mountains, and even 
passed laws to that effect. But Daniel Boone penetrated 
into Kentucky some time before the Revolution. A legend 
tells us that when Boone first beheld the splendid Kentucky 
country of hill and valley stretching before him, he exclaimed, 
'' I am richer than the man in Scripture who owned cattle 
upon a thousand hills. I own the wild beasts in a thousand 
valleys.'' Colonies had also been planted in Tennessee 
under Robertson and the heroic Sevier*. These two settle- 
ments were the entering wedge driven into the Indian coun- 
try. There was comparative peace in this region until the 
second year of the Revolution. Then the English Governor 
of Detroit, General Henry Hamilton, gathered together the 
Indians and sent them against the Americans, The ''hair- 
buying general'' was the name given to Hamilton, because 
he paid in cash for each American scalp brought in. 

241— Clark 

George Rogers Clark, a young backwoodsman, was com- 
missioned by Patrick Henry, the Governor of Virginia, to 

*John Sevier, though not a Catholic, is said to have descended from 
the same family as St. Francis Xavier; Sevier being the English cor- 
ruption of Xavier. 

124 



THE WEST 



125 



invade the western country and take it for the colonies. 
With a Httle band of 150 men he sailed down the Ohio to the 
mouth of the Cumberland. From this point he struck out 
across country to the fort at Kaskaskia, where he surprised 
the garrison at a dance, and captured the fort without 
bloodshed. 




George Rogers Clark surprises the garrison at Kaskaskia at a dance 



242— Catholic Help 

Many of the inhabitants were French and when told of 
the French-American alliance gladly swore allegiance to the 
colonies. Father Peter Gibault, Vicar General for the 
country, under the Bishop of Quebec, eagerly took sides 
with the Americans. The good priest aided Clark in every 
way, raised volunteers for him, and went himself to Vin- 
cennes and persuaded the people to favor the American 



126 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



cause. The good man even spent all he owned in helping the 
cause of liberty and died a poor man. The help given by 
his people was of great assistance to Clark in gaining the 
country for the Americans. 

243 — Vincennes Captured 

General Hamilton in Detroit, hearing of Clark^s success, 
went with a force to destroy him. He recaptured Vin- 
cennes and planned to take Kaskaskia in the Spring. But 




Clark's Expedition crossing the drowned lands 

Clark did not wait for him. After a heroic march through 
a flooded country, whose lowlands were often neck deep in 
cold water, Clark fell on the fort at Vincennes. After a 
short siege Hamilton was forced to capitulate. (Feb. 23, 

1779). 

244 — Results 

The effect of this was to gain the whole Northwest terri- 
tory for the states. If it had not been for Clark's expedition, 
helped by Father Gibault's patriotism, the Ohio River would 
probably have been the northern boundary of the Union. 

The great states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and 
Wisconsin would probably have been part of Canada. 



NAVAL OPERATIONS — ARNOLD'S TREASON 



127 



CHAPTER XXXVI 
NAVAL OPERATIONS— ARNOLD'S TREASON 

245 — Privateers 

The American Colonies had no war ships when the Revo- 
lution started. However, scores of fast private ships were 
fitted out with 
They re- 



guns 

ceived commis- 
sions from Con- 
gress which 
made them 
^'privateers," 
and hundreds of 
British vessels 
were captured 
by them. 

246 — John Barry 

The fu-st Brit- 
ish warship cap- 
tured in the war 
was the ''Ed- 
ward." She was 
taken by the 
American frigate ^^''^ ^^^^' ^'^ ^^" ^^^^'^ ^^^ ^"^"^^ 
"Lexington" commanded by Captain John Barry. This 
same officer fought the last naval battle of the war, against 
the British ship "Sybille." In the interval "Saucy Jack 
Barry, half Irishman, half Yankee" distinguished himself 
by his naval exploits. When the present American navy 
was founded by Washington, in 1794, Barry's name was 
placed at the head of the list of officers with the rank of 
Commander. 




128 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



So, whether we refer to the Navy of the Revolutionary 
War, or to the foundation of the present Navy, this brave 
Irish American CathoHc is truly called ''the Father of the 
American Navy." 

247 — John Paul Jones 

Among the officers of the navy during the Revolution, who 
served with Barry, was Captain John Paul Jones. In 1779, 
with French aid, he fitted out a small fleet and ravaged the 
coast of England. He fell in with the British ships ''Sera- 
pis" and "Countess of Scarborough" and captured the 
first named after a desperate struggle. Both ships were 

shot to pieces and 
sank shortly after- 
wards. The comman- 
der of the "Serapis" 
was made a knight 
by the King for his 
gallant conduct. " If 
I fall in with him 
again I'll make a lord 
of him," said Jones. 
These naval vic- 
tories were a great 
help to the young 
nation. They proved 
to Europe the fight- 
'^\l\)f^lAW\%^ ing qualities of the 
Paul Jones Americans. 




248 — Benedict Arnold's Treason 

The year of 1780 was a dark one for the American patriots. 
Benedict Arnold, Major General in command of the forts 
at West Point, became a traitor to the American cause. 



NAVAL OPERATIONS — ARNOLD'S TREASON 



129 



Arnold was brave among the brave. At Quebec and Sara- 
toga his courage amounted almost to rashness. But his 
services had not been properly rewarded by Congress. 

Arnold, moreover, was in financial difficulties. Dis- 
heartened by his treatment, and in great need of money, he 
offered the British 
General Clinton an 
opportunity of cap- 
turing West Point. 
Arnold was to receive 
large pay and high 
rank in the British 
army for his treachery. 

249 — Major Andre 

Major John Andre, ^-«^g^f^:^^^=:^:_^^^?3 
an English officer of ^^-^^'■- •^- :^^'^^^^-^-r-2i^ 
high repute, was sent Capture of Major Andre 

in a warship to confer with Arnold. He was led within 
the American lines, and, unable to return to the ship, was 
obliged to make his way to New York by land. He reached 
Tarrytown, and felt safe from the Americans, when three 
men stepped out from a roadside thicket and levelled their 
guns at him. A search of his clothes was made and the 
agreement with Arnold found in his boots. His captors 
though poor men refused large offers of money to release 
him. Their splendid patriotism saved West Point for 
the Americans. Andre was hanged as a spy, but Arnold 
escaped to the British to receive his gold and rank in the 
army. 




250 — A Traitor's Miserable End 

Arnold afterwards led British attacks on Virginia and 
against his native Connecticut. He died in England years 



130 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

after, shunned and despised, and filled with remorse for his 
conduct. 

On the battlefield of Saratoga a splendid monument has 
been erected. On three of its sides are the names of brave 
men who fought there. The fourth side is blank. If you 
should inquire the reason for this you would be told ''On 
that side would have been Arnold's name, had he proved as 
loyal as he was brave." 



CHAPTER XXXVII 
THE END OF THE WAR 

251— The War in the South 

We must now turn back to the end of the year 1778, when 
the British brought the war to the South. Clinton finding 
he could do little, while Washington watched him so closely 
in New York, sent an army of thirty-five hundred men to 
take Savannah. This was done without trouble, as there 
were but six hundred men to guard the city. The British 
overran the surrounding country; but in October, 1779, the 
Americans under General Lincoln attempted to retake the 
city. The French fleet failed to help as was expected, and 
the attack of the Americans failed. One of the greatest 
losses was that of the brave Pulaski, who fell in that battle. 

252 — British Capture Charleston 

The following year, 1780, made matters worse in the 
South. Clinton, leaving enough men in New York to hold 
Washington at bay, embarked with 8,000 men for Charleston. 
He soon took that city and with it the American General 
Lincoln and three thousand troops (May 12, 1780). The 
British, and their friends the Loyalists, now controlled the 
whole country and overran it as they pleased. Taking 



BATTLE OF KING S MOUNTAIN 



131 



half of his force with him to New York, Chnton left General 
Comwallis to complete the conquest. 



IpS^/TTPs:?^ 






... i^-tfi|-||ff <#:■'" '• '■|tfU-jj^s|0g^^»»ff 







Siege of Charleston 

253 — Gates in Command 

General Gates, who commanded at Saratoga, was now 
placed in charge of the American army in the South. 
Many of his friends had long been trying to have him made 
Commander-in-Chief in place of Washington. It is well 
they did not succeed. With an army of three thousand 
Americans, Gates gave battle to Cornwallis and two thous- 
and British, at Camden, and was shamefully defeated 
(Aug. 16, 1780). 

254 — Battle of King^s Mountain 

The British now left most of the fighting to the Tories, 
who understood the country and the backwoods style of 
fighting. Under Tarleton and Ferguson they swept the 
whole countryside well up to the mountains. But they had 
not counted on the mountaineers of the west These hardy 
patriots commenced to assemble by hundreds. They were 



132 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



all huntsmen, whose every shot reached the mark. At 
Kings Mountain one thousand of them attacked a British 
force of twelve hundred, killed the commander Ferguson, 
and captured all left living. This greatly crippled Corn- 
wallis. 




Ferguson's last stand at King's Mountain 



255 — General Greene in Command 

General Gates was relieved (1781), and General Greene, 
the finest officer in the war next to Washington, was placed 
in command. Then the outlook changed. Greene did not 
risk defeat by opposing Cornwallis with a single force. He 
sent one detachment under Francis Marion, the ''Swamp 
Fox, " to get between Cornwallis and the coast. 

256 — Battle of Cowpens 

Another detachment was placed under Morgan, the fron- 
tiersman. Cornwallis sent Tarleton with eleven hundred 



WAR IN THE SOUTH 



133 



men to hunt down Morgan and his followers. Morgan met 
him at the Battle of Cowpens (Jan. 17, 1781), and only two 
hundred and seventy British managed to escape by flight. 
Cornwallis now started in pursuit of Greene who retired 
gradually, leading the British away from their supplies at 
Charleston and finally escaping into Virginia. 




Frontier riflemen 

257 — Guilford Court House 

A short time later the subtle Greene recrossed into North 
Carolina and gave battle to Cornwallis, at Guilford Court 
House. It was a British victory, but so costly a one that 
Cornwallis lost one quarter of his men. He then made up 
his mind to reach the coast and get aid from the fleet. 
Cornwallis heard that the traitor Arnold was in Virginia 
with some British troops, and so determined to go North 
and meet him, instead of returning south to Charleston and 
risking another fight with Greene. 



134 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



258 — Comwallis Trapped 

Cornwallis reached Virginia safely and moved about 
freely for a time. Steuben was there to oppose him, how- 
ever, and soon Lafayette arrived with twelve hundred of 
Washington's troops. By the middle of the summer Com- 
wallis thought it prudent to withdraw to the coast. He 
moved down to Yorktown on the peninsula, which is be- 
tween the York and James Rivers. Here he was trapped. 

259 — Yorktown 

A French fleet with a large force of troops was in the West 
Indies, and Washington begged the Admiral De Grasse to 
sail for Yorktown. This he promised to do. Washington and 
Rochambeau straightway set out from New York. Four 
thousand Frenchmen and two thousand Americans hurried 
through the long march of four hundred miles to Virginia. 
They arrived in time to cut off Cornwallis by land . The 

French fleet ar- 
rived in the bay 
and cut off all 
--^^ |gM^ MMPai^.- hope of aid by 

water from the 
British in New 
York. The com- 
bined French- 
American forces 
besieged the 
Capture of an English redoubt at Yorktown British. 

260 — Comwallis Surrenders 

A joint attack carried important earthworks and, on Oct. 
19, 1781, General Cornwallis and all his troops surrendered. 

The British army marched out between the long lines of 
Americans, under Washington, and the French, under 




THE END OF THE WAR 



135 



Rochambeau, laid down their arms, and the last battle of 
the Revolution had been fought. Lord Cornwallis sent his 
sword by General O'Hara. Washington appointed General 
Lincoln to receive it. 

261 — Peace at Last 

By the Americans the news of the defeat of Cornwallis was 
hailed with joy and gratitude. But in England all was gloom. 




The British surrender at Yorktown 



The country realized that all was over, that a nation was lost 
to them. King George III was obliged to dismiss his favor- 
ite minister, Lord North, through whom he had carried on 
the war in America. Other ministers more favorably in- 
clined towards the colonies came into power, and, on Sept. 
3, 1783, a treaty of peace was signed between the two 
nations. 



136 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

262 — Results 

By this treaty England acknowledged the independence of 
the United States. The young nation occupied all the 
territory from Canada to Florida, and from the Atlantic 
to the Mississippi River. England had in the meantime 
ceded Florida to Spain. 

CHAPTER XXXVIII 

CATHOLICS IN THE REVOLUTION. THE 
NORTHWEST TERRITORY 

263 — Catholics in the Revolution 

No period of American history can be looked upon with 
greater pride by Catholics than the time of the Revolu- 
tionary War. Forgetting the injustice and wrongs to which 
they had been subjected, Catholics joined with patriotic 
fervor in the long war. Without the aid of Catholic France 
the outcome of the struggle would have been uncertain, per- 
haps a failure. In the rank and file of the American army 
there were a great number of Catholics, and some of the 
ablest in the council chamber were members of the old faith. 

264 — Prominent Catholics 

Charles and Daniel Carroll, Thomas Sims Lee, and Thomas 
Fitzsimmons were Catholic signers of the Declaration of 
Independence. Moylan, Lafayette, Barry, Rochambeau, 
Kosciusko, Pulaski, De Kalb, Steuben and Chief Orano 
were Catholics who distinguished themselves bearing arms 
for the young republic. '' Congress ' Ownri " one of the finest 
and bravest of the Continental regiments was composed of 
Catholics. 

At the close of the war General Washington and the 
members of Congress attended a public ''Te Deum", in a 
Catholic church in Philadelphia. 



CATHOLICS IN THE REVOLUTION 



137 



265 — Washington's Reply to the Catholic*s Address 

The Catholics later presented the new President with an 
Address of Congratulation. In his reply to the Roman 
Catholics of the United States, Washington remarked ''I 
presume your 
fellow citizens 
will not forget 
the patriotic 
part you took in 
the accomplish- 
ment of their 
Revolution and 
the establish- 
ment of their 
Government, or 
the important 
assistance they 
received from a 
nation in which 
the Roman 
Catholic faith is 
professed/' 

266 — Articles of 
Confederation 

At the time of 

the Declaration of Independence it was proposed that the 
states should be joined together under Articles of Confed- 
eration. The more urgent matter of winning the war en- 
gaged the attention of the colonies, and these Articles were 
not adopted for some years. They were finally adopted by 
the last state, Maryland, in 1781, the year Cornwallis was 
defeated. The new nation was governed by them until 
Washington became President in 1789, 




138 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

267— The Northwest Territory 

Many of the seaboard states had some sort of claim to the 
territory across the mountains and between the Ohio and 
the Great Lakes. The charters of the Colonies were very 
indefinite as to their boundaries and many of their claims 
conflicted. Maryland would not ratify the ''Articles of 
Confederation'' unless all the states agreed to turn over 
their claims to the Confederation itself. This the other 
states agreed to do, and so, in 1789, this region was organized 
into the Northwest Territory. 

268 — Ordinance of 1787 

The laws providing for the formation of this territory were 
embodied in an Ordinance. By it were guaranteed freedom 
of worship and trial by jury; slavery was prohibited and 
education encouraged. To-day this section is the heart of 
the Union embracing the great states of Ohio, Indiana, Illi- 
nois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. In those days it was almost 
a wilderness, but one that was rapidly giving way before 
hardy pioneers from the East. 



IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION VII 

1. The great territory between the Ohio River and the 
Great Lakes, was captured for the Americans by an expedi- 
tion led by George Rogers Clark. 

2. Father Peter Gibault and the French Catholic residents 
in this district gave valuable aid to the Americans. 

3. As a result of these operations the valuable territory 
which now comprises the rich states of Ohio, Indiana, Illi- 
nois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, came under the American 
flag. 

4. The two most famous American naval commanders in 
the war of the Revolution were Capt. John Barry, the '*Fa- 



REVIEW 139 

ther of the American Navy," an Irish-American Catholic; 
and Capt. John Paul Jones, a splendid fighter, who first 
raised the Stars and Stripes over a man-of-war. 

5. Benedict Arnold, an American general noted for his 
bravery, was unfairly treated by Congress and turned traitor 
to the patriot cause. He was rewarded by money and rank 
in the British army. He died a miserable outcast. 

6. The British, in 1778, carried the war to the Southern 
states. They soon overran the whole country. General 
Greene was placed in command of the American forces 
(1781) and matters soon changed. 

7. Gen. Cornwallis, commanding the British, followed 
Greene north as far as Virginia without being able to destroy 
him. Cornwallis then retired to Yorktown. There he was 
finally cut off by the Americans, under Washington, and the 
French, under Rochambeau. De Grasse, with a French 
fleet, cut off help by sea. CornwalUs surrendered and the 
War of the Revolution soon ended. 

8. As a result of this war the United States became recog- 
nized as an independent nation, occupying all the territory 
from Canada to Florida, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the 
Mississippi River. 

9. Catholic Americans played a prominent part in the 
Revolution, both in Congress and in the Army and Navy. 
Catholic France, with her troops and ships, gave the help 
necessary to win the war. 

10. The various states had claims to the territory across 
the AUeghanies. These claims were finally turned over to 
the central government, and the Northwest Territory, 
owned by all the states in common, was organized. Thus 
the states were brought closer together in the united owner- 
ship of this territory. 



SECTION VIII 



THE CONSTITUTION. SELF-GOVERNMENT 



CHAPTER XXXIX 
THE CONSTITUTION 

269 — Weak Central Government 

The states, while united in a way by Articles of Confeder- 
ation, considered themselves independent of one another. 
Congress had no real control over them. It could not tax 
them or raise any money, except what they chose to give. 
The cession of the Northwest Territory was the first step 
toward a real central government. By it was established 
a Territory which all the states owned in common. This 
ownership bound them together. They could not again 
separate it; nor could they themselves separate from one 
another if they wished to retain their interest in the Terri- 
tory. 

270 — Need of Strong Central Government 

The feeling that some permanent form of government 
should be established gi'adually increased. Some sort of 
union was needed. A central government with a responsi- 
ble head must be founded. As they then existed, the 
states were each a separate unit. They taxed goods sent 
from one to another, and each had its own kind of money. 
Congress could talk and make laws, but it could not make 
the states obey them. As Washington said: '' We have one 
nation to-day and thii'teen to-morrow." 

140 



THE CONSTITUTION 



141 



271 — Constitutional Convention 

So in May, 1787, a convention met in Philadelphia. The 
best men in the land were sent to this assembly, and Wash- 
ington was chosen to preside. It was soon found that the 
old Ai'ticles of Confederation could not be so amended as to 
be satisfactory and a Constitution was proposed. 

There was great jealousy among the states. The smaller 
feared the larger. It was difficult to agree on a way to 
grant representation to the various states. But great minds 
were at work, though some of the men best known in the 
Revolution were absent. Neither of the Adamses was 
there, and Thomas 
Jefferson was in 
France. Patrick 
Henry would not 
attend. 

272— Makers of the 
Constitution 
James Madison 
and John Blair of 
Virginia, Alex- 
ander Hamilton of 
New York, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, 
now eighty- two 
years old, of Penn- 
sylvania, Roger 
Sherman from Con- 
necticut, and Gou- 
verneur Morris and 
Rufus King of New York; these and many other famous 
men were among the fifty-five commissioners who at- 
tended. 




Benjamin Franklin 



142 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

273 — Washington and the Constitution 

"Let us raise a standard to which the wise and honest can 
repair. The event is in the hand of God'' were the words 
of Washington during the first days of the assembly. 

Washington served his country in three great positions. 
He was commander-in-chief of the army; President of this 
Constitutional Convention; and first President of the United 
States. Many thoughtful men believe that the greatest 
service he rendered his country was in helping, as President 
of the Constitutional Convention, to reconcile the differences 
between the jealous states. 

274 — Constitution Adopted and Ratified 

After four months' work a constitution was adopted Sept. 
17, 1787, and was submitted to the states for ratification. 
It was not to become valid until nine states had ac- 
cepted it. 

Six months later, in June, 1788, New Hampshire, the 
ninth state, ratified it, and the Constitution became the 
fixed law of the land. The great states of New York and 
Virginia had refused to ratify, but seeing they must do so 
now, or become foreign states, they too joined in. 

275 — Provisions of Constitution 

According to the Constitution the States bound them- 
selves together as a Federal Republic. The Government of 
the republic is divided into three parts. 

First: The Executive branch. A President is elected 
every four years, whose duty is to see to the enforcement of 
the laws. 

Second : The Legislative branch. A Congess is elected, 
consisting of the Senate, to which each state sends two 
members; and the House of Representatives, to which they 
send members according to their population. It is the duty 



WASHINGTON, FIRST PRESIDENT 



143 



of Congress to make laws for the Union; to coin money for 
the whole country; and to raise money by taxation. 

Third: The Judicial branch. A Supreme Court is ap- 
pohited by the President, with the consent of the Senate. 
It is the duty of the Supreme Court to explain the laws and 
determine whether or not they conflict with the Constitu- 
tion. 




Arch erected by the women of Trenton to welcome Washington 



CHAPTER XL 
WASHINGTON, FIRST PRESIDENT 

276— Washington, First President (1789-97) 

To elect a President the Constitution provided that the 
various states should each choose a certain number of elec- 
tors, who would choose a President by ballot. The electors 
sent their sealed votes to Congress. On the 6th of April the 
envelopes containing the names of their choice were opened. 
The first name on every ballot was that of George Washing- 



144 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



ton. He was unanimously elected lii'st President of the 
United States.* 

On the 30th of April, 1780, Washington was inaugurated 
on the balcony of Federal Hall in Wall Street, New York, 
on the spot where a heroic bronze statue of the General now 
stands. 



277— First Bishop 

The same year that Washington became President, the 

Catholics of the United States received their lirst Bishop. 

Father John Carroll, of Maryland, whose patriotism and 

piety were admiivd by 
all, received this honor. 
His diocese included the 
whole United States of 
that day. 

278 Washington's Ad- 
ministration 
Washington hoped 
that the country could 
be ruled without having 
political parties. So 
when he formed a Cab- 
inet, he appointed 
Thomas Jefferson, Sec- 
retary of State, and 
Alexander Hamilton, 
Secretary of Treasury. 

*W;ishinKton at once set out from his home in Mount Vernon, 
Virginia, to the (^apital whieh was then New York. His journey was 
one \o\\^ ovation. The whole country rose to do him honor. When 
he reached the city of Trenton whicli he had rescued from the Hes- 
sians on Christmas Ni^dit. in 177t). he was met by the ladies of the 
city. An arch of triumph had been erected whit'h bore the inscription: 
"The Defendi'r of Mothei-s will be the Protector of Daughters." 




Washington's Cabinet 



WASHINGTON, FIRST PRESIDENT 



145 



Hamilton was the head of that faction called the Feder- 
alists. They believed in giving great power to the Central 
Government. Jefferson was an Anti-Federalist, or a believer 
in giving but little power to the central government and 
more to the individual states. 



279 — Finances 

The country was in great need of money. All told, there 
was a debt of $80,000,000 owed both by the nation and the 
states. Many were in favor of repudiating, or refusing to 
pay, at least that part owed by the states. But Hamilton 
felt that this would ruin the credit of the country and pre- 
vailed upon the government to promise to pay it all. 

280— First Tariff 

Taxes were placed on all imports and also on the manu- 
facture of whiskey, and a revenue was thus raised. The 
debts of the country were paid, and America's good faith 
and credit were established before the world. 

In 1792 Washing- 
ton was re-elected ;;: 
President and John 
Adams Vice President. 



281— Cotton Gin 

The cotton plant 
grew easily in the 
South, and the value 
of cotton was well 
known, but to separ- 
ate the cotton from 
the seeds was difficult 
and tedious. A 
worker could pick 




The cotluu gin 



146 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

only a few pounds a day. In 1792, Eli Whitney, a New 
England Yankee, invented a machine for picking cotton. 
At once the raising of this staple became profitable, and 
immense tracts in the South were given over to it. Thous- 
ands of slaves were brought in from Africa to do the planting 
and a large trade grew up between the North and South. 
England also became a great purchaser of this material. 
Thus the invention of Whitney, by making slave ownership 
profitable, came in a great measui'e to be the cause of the 
great Civil War of many yeai-s later. 

282— Indian Wars 

The Northwest Territory was rapidly being settled, but 
there was little security for the hardy pioneers. Indian 
raids were frequent and bloody. Two American armies 
were sent against them, and both were badly defeated. The 
Indians grew still bolder, and the government became 
greatly alarmed. "Mad Anthony'' Wayne was finally 
chosen to lead a third army. ''Little Turtle," the Indian 
Chief, advised the Indians to ask for peace. He did not 
cai'e to fight "a leader who never slept." But the Indians 
wanted fight, and so a battle was fought (Aug. 20, 1794) on 
the Maumee. The Indians were routed and their lands laid 
waste. General Wayne forced them into a treaty of peace 
which really opened up the Northwest Territory to settle- 
ment. 

283— New States 

North Carolina and Rhode Island, which had long refused 
to ratify the Constitution, now entered the sisterhood of 
States, in 1789 and 1790, and the original thuteen were again 
complete. In 1791, Vermont, the first new State, was ad- 
mitted ; it was cai'ved out of territory claimed by both New 
York and New Hampshii'e. The people declai*ed that if 



JOHN ADAMS, SECOND PRESIDENT 147 

Vermont could not be a separate state they would join 
Canada. In 1792, Kentucky, and in 1795, Tennessee, were 
admitted. They were the first new States across the Alle- 
ghany mountains. 

284 — Prince Gallitzen 

In 1795, the Russian Prince, Demetrius Gallitzen, was or- 
dained a priest. His was the second ordination in the 
United States. He devoted his life to the pioneers and 
Indians in western Pennsylvania, and has been justly called 
''Apostle of the Alleghanies.'' 

285— Washington's Retirement 

Washington refused to serve a third term as President. 
During his second term, in the heat of politics, he had many 
times been attacked and abused, but, as his administration 
drew to a close, the people wanted him again. He wrote 
his celebrated farewell address and returned to his estate in 
Mount Vernon. 



CHAPTER XLI 
JOHN ADAMS, SECOND PRESIDENT 

286— John Adams (1797-1801) 

A Revolution had broken out in France, and England had 
declared war on that country. Many people thought that 
America should take sides with her ancient ally, France. 
Others thought that we should remain neutral. John 
Adams of Massachusetts was the leader of the latter, or 
Federalist, party. Thomas Jefferson headed the other 
faction which was called the Republican. This is the same 
party that is now known as the Democratic Party. Adams 
received the most votes and became President. Jefferson 



148 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



became Vice President. Adams was inaugurated in Phila- 
delphia, whither the government had been moved. 



287— X. Y. Z. Papers 

Adams sent three envoys to France to endeavor to smooth 
over difficulties which had arisen between the countries. 
They were outrageously received in that country and refused 
even a hearing unless they should first pay tribute to the 

agents of the Revolutionists. 
Charles Pinckney one of the 
envoys answered this demand 
with his famous reply, *'We 
have millions for defense, but 
not one cent for tribute." 
When reporting these hap- 
penings to Congress, President 
Adams called the agents who 
had demanded money Mr. X. 
Mr. Y. and Mr. Z. Thus his 
message became known as the 
X. Y. Z. Papers. 

288— War With France 
Meanwhile a naval war had broken out between the 
United States and French Revolutionists. Privateers at- 
tacked and captured our ships. A fleet of American vessels 
was fitted out and won several important engagements. An 
army was also raised and Washington was once more made 
commander-in-chief. Happily, in the year 1800, Napoleon 
Bonaparte gained control of French Affairs, and peace was 
restored before a formal war had been declared. 




289 — Alien and Sedition Laws 

During the excitement with France, Adams had secured 



JOHN ADAMS, SECOND PRESIDENT 



149 



the passage of laws which gave him the power to send out of 
the United States any foreigners whose conduct he considered 
dangerous to this country. This was called the Alien Law. 
The Sedition Law gave the right to fine or imprison any one 
defaming the President or the Government. These laws 
were considered against the spirit of freedom and were 
bitterly attacked. In fact two of the states, Kentucky and 
Virginia, passed resolutions refusing to be bound by them. 
This is the first instance of the ''states' rights'' being ad- 
vanced. By this is meant the right of an individual state 
to reject the laws of the central government. 

290— Death of Washington 

During the closing days of 1799 the whole country was 
thrown into mourning by the death of Washington. The 
hardships of the Revol- 
ution, and the difficul- 
ties of two terms as 
President of a new 
nation, had greatly re- 
duced his rugged 
strength; at the end a 
slight cold developed 
fatally. His remains 
were interred in a vault 
on his estate, at Mount 
Vernon, on the Poto- 
mac. So passed away 
George Washington, 
the Father of his Coun- 
try. — "first in peace, 
first in war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. 




The tomb of Washington at Mount 
Vernon 



150 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

CHAPTER XLII 
THOMAS JEFFERSON, THIRD PRESIDENT 

291— Jefferson's Administration (1801-1809) 

The election of 1800 resulted in a tie between Thomas 
Jefferson, of Virginia, and Aaron Burr, of New York. The 
law provided that in such an event the House of Repre- 
sentatives should elect 
the President. Jeffer- 
son became the choice 
of the House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

The capital of the 
country was now 
changed from Phila- 
delphia to the new City 
of Washington, on the 
banks of the Potomac. 
It was felt that it 
would not be proper 
for the national govern- 
ment to continue in 
any State, where the 

local government might 
Thomas Jefferson ^^^^.^^ ^.^^ .^^ g^ ^ 

tract of land was given by the states of Maryland and Vir- 
ginia, and in this ''District of Columbia'' the new capital 
city was founded. The portion given by Virginia was not 
used and was later ceded back to that state. 

292 — Louisiana Territory 

Hardly had Jefferson taken office, when the news arrived 
that Spain had ceded the vast Louisiana territory to France. 
The Mississippi River divided this vast tract of land from 




THOMAS JEFFERSON, THIRD PRESIDENT 



151 



the western borders of the United States. But in the south 
this river ran entirely through Louisiana. So American 
shipping, in order to reach the Gulf of Mexico, was com- 
pelled to pass through this foreign region. America was not 
willing that France should be its owner. When Napoleon 
proposed to send large 
bodies of troops to hold it 
President Jefferson sent 
commissioners to France. 

293 — Louisiana Purchase 

The commissioners 
were to endeavor to pur- 
chase that part in which 
the city of New Orleans is 
situated and through 
which the Mississippi 
flows. Napoleon was will- 
ing to sell all or none of 
Louisiana. So the com- 
missioners, though with- 
out authority, purchased 
it all for $15,000,000. Napoleon felt that in making this 
sale, besides getting a large sum of money to carry on his 
wars, he was giving to England ''a rival that would one 
day humble her on the high seas and in trade." 

This purchase (1803) doubled the area of the United 
States and gave it control of the Mississippi River. 




Napoleon Bonaparte 



294 — Ohio Admitted. Jefferson Reelected 

In 1802 Ohio was admitted. It was the seventeenth state, 
and the first one to be carved from the Northwest Territory. 

The Louisiana Purchase greatly pleased the people and 
Jefferson was re-elected in 1804 by a very large majority. 



152 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



About this time Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel 
with Aaron Burr. Burr was later arrested for treason, but 

was not convicted. 

295 — Lewis and Clark 

The great Louisiana 
Purchase was but little 
known. An expedition 
was fitted out to explore 
it and it started, in 1804, 
under the direction of 
Lewis and Clark. It is 
interesting to trace their 
course on the map. 
Starting from the then 
frontier post of St. Louis, 
they navigated the Mis- 
souri River to its head 
waters and then pushed 
across the great Rocky 
Mountains. We can im- 
agine the toil and excitement of a journey such as that, 
through an absolutely unknown country. In spite of all 
obstacles the expedition finally reached the Columbia River 
and then the Pacific Coast, two thousand miles from their 
starting point. 

296 — Oregon Country 

The Columbia River had received its name some years 
before, when it was discovered by a Yankee sailing master, 
Robert Gray, who named it after his ship. The region 
thereabouts was not included in the Louisiana Purchase, 
which stopped at the Rocky Mountains, but Captain 
Gray, its discoverer, had claimed it for the United States. 




Alexander Hamilton 



THOMAS JEFFERSON, THIRD PRESIDENT 



153 



Now Lewis and Clark reaffirmed that claim by their 
exploration. 




The upper Missouri explored by Lewis and Clark 



297 — American Ships Captured 

France and England were still at war, and the shipping 
of almost the whole world came to be carried in American 
ships. But England decided not to allow these neutral 
ships to carry supplies to France and her European allies. 
She commenced to confiscate American ships and merchan- 
dise and impress American seamen into her navy. England 
would not admit that Englishmen who had become 
American citizens were no longer under her control. 
''Once an Englishman, always an Englishman" she said. 
France retaliated for the capture of vessels bound for her 
ports, by capturing American vessels bound for English 
ports. 



154 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

298 — Jefferson Averse to War 

President Jefferson was averse to war; and so persuaded 
Congi'ess that the best way to stop the aggression of England 
and France would be to stop all American shipping. In this 
way he claimed these countries would soon be brought to 
reason; for they could not get along without the valuable 
wheat, rice, and cotton we sent them, and their merchants 
would be ruined if our market for their goods was closed up. 

299 — Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts (1809) 

So an Embargo Act was passed, which closed the ports of 
America to the world. This created great discontent. It 
is true it encouraged manufacturing in this country to take 
the place of articles formerly imported. But it worked 
great hardship on ship owners, farmers, and the cotton 
growers of the South, who depended on foreign trade to 
take their product. And furthermore it made no difference 
at all to France and England. So the Act was repealed, and 
a Non- Intercourse Act took its place. This prohibited 
trade with France and England alone. 

300— The Steamboat 

While the foreign relations of the United States were thus 
in a bad way, her domestic affairs were prospering. The vast 
western areas were filling up, the forest was being reduced 
and towns and villages were being established. And now 
came an invention which had much to do with the future 
prosperity of the country. Shortly after the close of the 
Revolution John Fitch had run a feny boat, propelled by 
steam, across the Delaware River, at Philadelphia. 

301— Robert Fulton 

Others had constructed steam boats that would go in a 
way; but it remained for Robert Fulton to invent a practical 



REVIEW 



155 



and successful steamboat. On the second of September, 

1809, the '^Clermont," a curious looking boat with 

a very high smokestack 

and ungainly paddle 

wheels, put out from 

New York amid the jeers 

and laughter of the 

crowd. But the derision 

of the people did not 

last, for the "Clermont" 

moved steadily up the 

stream, under her own 

power, against wind and ciuTent, and arrived in Albany 

the following day. 




Fulton's "Clermoii! 



302— Results 

This first steamboat was rapidly followed by others. The 
invention quickly opened up the magnificent waterways of 
the country to profitable trade and immigration, and brought 
all parts closer together through speed in communication. 

303— Catholicity 

Catholicity had a large increase during these years, many 
Irish being driven from their native land after the Rebellion 
of 1798. In 1808, Bishop Carroll of Baltimore was made an 
Archbishop, and Bishoprics were erected in New York, 
Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstown in Kentucky. 



IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION VIII 

1. The thirteen states were thirteen independent nations, 
bound together by loose articles of Confederation. A Con- 
vention was called, which, after many difficulties, agreed 
on a Constitution (1787). Under it the states became a 
umted nation. 



156 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

2. Under the Constitution the government is divided into 
three parts: The Executive branch, with a President to 
execute the laws; the Legislative branch, with a Congress 
to make the laws; and the Judicial branch, with a Supreme 
Court to explain the laws. 

3. George Washington was unanimously elected first 
President of the United States. The payment of the debts 
of the nation and of the states was undertaken, and taxes 
were placed on imports and manufactures, to raise funds. 

4. In 1792 the Cotton Gin was invented by EU Whitney. 
This machine made cotton picking easy and thus made 
slavery profitable. So, in a way, the invention was respon- 
sible for the great Civil War seventy years later. 

5. John Adams was elected second President. He was 
the leader of the Federalists, who beUeved in giving much 
power to the central government. Thomas Jefferson be- 
came Vice-President. He was a RepubUcan (now Demo- 
crat) who beUeved the States should wield the power. 

6. A revolution in France overthrew the monarchy and 
the revolutionists demanded money from America. The 
ill-feeling following resulted in several naval battles. Be- 
fore formal war was declared against France, Napoleon 
Bonaparte came into power, and the dispute was settled. 

7. During the term of Thomas Jefferson, third President, 
the Louisiana Territory was bought from France, This 
gave the United States control of the mouth of the Mississ- 
ippi and extended its boundary to the Rocky Mountains. 

8. This great territory was explored by Lewis and Clark 
(1804). They pushed up to the headwaters of the Missouri, 
and crossing the Rockies, explored and claimed the Oregon 
country for the United States. 

9. England and France, at war with one another, cap- 
tured American ships bound for each other's ports. Jeffer- 
son, being averse to war, sought to avoid trouble by the 
Embargo Act, which forbade all American shipping. This 
injured trade and was repealed. A Non-Intercourse Act 
followed, prohibiting trade with England and France. 

10. Robert Fulton, an American, built the first practical 
steamboat in 1809. This invention quickly opened up the 
splendid waterways of the country to commerce and travel. 



BIOGRAPHIES 



BIOGRAPHIES 

George Washington 

George Washington, the first president of the United 
States, was born at Pope's Creek, Virginia, on February 22, 
1732. When he was only eleven years old his father died, 
leaving five children, of whom George was the oldest. He 
was always an affectionate and obedient son. Influential 
friends procured him a midshipman's position in the British 
nsivj. Though desirous of taking so good an offer, he gave 
it up at his mother's request. God had reserved him for 
higher honors than he could win as a British naval officer. 
In school George was studious and respectful to his teachers. 
For his own guidance he wrote out a set of rules to govern 
his conduct. The last one was — 

''Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of 
celestial fire, CONSCIENCE." 

He became a surveyor, and later on a soldier, in the service 
of Virginia. As a delegate to the first and second Conti- 
nental Congress he took a bold stand against British tyranny 
in America. When the Revolutionary War began. Congress 
appointed him commander-in-chief of the American armies, 
which were then composed of raw recruits, men that knew 
nothing of war. Though always hampered by lack of suffi- 
cient soldiers, money, and equipments, Washington con- 
ducted the long war to a successful issue. He was President 
of the Constitutional Convention which met in Philadelphia 
in 1787. For two terms President of the nation which he 
had done so much to build up, he showed his high character 
in refusing to be, for a third time, a candidate for the Presi- 

157 



158 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

dency. He feared that to be so long chief ruler of the 
United States might raise a suspicion that he wanted to be 
king. He died at Mt. Vernon, his home, on Dec. 14, 1799. 
A resolution adopted by Congress lamenting his death, de- 
clared truly that ''Washington was first in war, first in 
peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 

Jefferson 

Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of 
Independence and one of the most eminent of American 
statesmen, was born at Shad well, Virginia, April 2, 1743. 
At the age of 24 he was admitted to practice law in the 
Virginia courts. He was chairman of the committee ap- 
pointed by the second Continental Congress to frame a 
declaration proclaiming the American colonies independent 
of Great Britain. He was then only 33 years old. To him 
we owe our very convenient decimal money system. It was 
his persistent and intelligent advocacy of a decimal system 
of coinage that induced Congress to substitute it for the 
clumsy English pounds, shillings and pence. Elected Presi- 
dent, in 1801, he was re-elected in 1804. His greatest presi- 
dential achievement was the purchase, in 1803, of the Louis- 
iana territory from Napoleon Bonaparte, then ruler of 
France. Jefferson disliked the pomp and pageantry which 
usually accompany monarchy, and he scorned titles and 
decorations. He was always proud however, of the fact 
that he framed the Virginia statute which guarantees relig- 
ious freedom to every one. He died near Charlottesville, 
Virginia, on July 4, 1825. 

Carroll 

Charles Carroll, of Carrolltown, Maryland, was born 
at Annapolis in that state, in 1737, a member of a very 
wealthy Catholic family. Educated at Jesuit colleges in 



BIOGRAPHIES 159 

France, and having spent some time in law studies in Lon- 
don, he was well qualified to take a leading part in the politi- 
cal questions which finally were solved by the War of the 
Revolution. A delegate to the famous Continental Con- 
gress of 1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence, 
though he thereby risked the largest fortune in the colonies 
at the time. He died at the ripe age of 95 years, the last 
surviving signer of the Great Declaration. 

Lafayette 

The Marquis de Lafayette a distinguished French 
Catholic nobleman, is universally regarded as one of the 
finest characters in all history. Having heard the Declara- 
tion of Independence read at a banquet of the aristocracy 
in France, he at once decided to lend his aid to the American 
struggle for liberty. At his own expense he equipped a 
vessel, induced several prominent army officers to go with 
him, and sailed for America. Here Congress made him a 
Major General and assigned him to Washington's staff. 
Lafayette was then only twenty years old. He fought 
gallantly in several battles. In 1779, he went back to France 
to induce that country to help America. He succeeded, for, 
in 1780, the French government sent Count de Rochambeau 
with 6,000 well armed soldiers, and a little later a fleet com- 
manded by Count de Grasse. Lafayette also came back to 
the United States and in battle showed much military abil- 
ity. Returning to France, he was given a high commission 
in the King's army but was captured and imprisoned in 
Germany and Austria. Released in 1797, he took no part 
in the Napoleonic wars which raged till 1815. In 1826, 
Congress invited him to visit the United States. His jour- 
ney in this country roused unbounded enthusiasm. Congress 
gave him a grant of 24,000 acres of public land. He died a 
member of the French Chamber of Deputies in Paris, 1834. 



160 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

Franklin 

Benjamin Franklin is often called the "wisest of 
Americans." He was the fifteenth child of a family of 
seventeen children and was born in Boston, January 17, 
1706. After learning the printer's trade, he left Boston 
at the age of 17 and settled in Philadelphia. His talents, 
industry, integrity and sound judgment brought him the 
highest honors in the political and social life of his day. 
His work in science was also remarkable. By means of a kite, 
with a common iron key attached to the string, he proved in a 
thunderstorm, that lightning and electricity are identical. 
As publisher of the best newspaper of his time, the Pennsyl- 
vania Gazette, and of the famous ''Poor Richard's Alman- 
ac", he wielded great influence. He was one of the commit- 
tee that drew up the immortal Declaration of Independence, 
was a very influential member of the Congress which framed 
our national Constitution, and rendered the United States 
most efficient aid as our minister at the French Court. It 
was when making a request that prayer be daily said in the 
Constitutional Convention that he uttered the memorable 
remark: ''The longer I live, the more convincing proofs I 
see of this truth — that God governs in the affairs of men." 
Franklin died in Philadelphia, on April 17, 1790. 

Barry 

John Barry, a famous American naval officer, was born 
in Wexford County, Ireland, in 1745. He came to America 
while a boy, and engaged in sea trading. He became 
wealthy, but at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War 
promptly ranged himself on the patriot side, though he 
thereby imperiled his life and fortune. Made a commander 
in the American navy, he captured several British war ves- 
sels; and, when the navy was reorganized after the war, he 
was placed at its head. 



•~o „^ 



40 Longitude 






toa West -20 



ft MAPTO ILLUSTRA1 

^^ i WAR WITH MEXI 




CopyrigM ISSn By 




SOUTHERN REGION 

OF THE WAR 1812-:i4 
Scale 1 , ,100 Miles 



tS-Cn. 2iew York.Del. 



SECTION IX 



THE SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 



CHAPTER XLIII 
JAMES MADISON, FOURTH PRESIDENT 

304— James Madison (1809-17) 

Jefferson, like Washington, was asked to run for President 
a third time but refused . His successor was James Madison, 
who also belonged to the Republican (Democratic) party. 

The census of 1810 showed a large growth — seven and a 
quarter millions of people now occupied the country. The 
population had more than 
doubled in thirty years. On 
the 8th of April, 1812, the 
state of Louisiana had been 
admitted to the Union. 

305— War of 1812 

England continued her 
policy of harassing Ameri- 
can shipping and impressing 
our sailors. She stopped our 
vessels on the high seas and 
enforced the odious ''right of 
search" for English born sail- 
ors. The administration 
made every effort to avoid 

a conflict until American honor could no longer put up 
with the English affronts. During May, 1811, the Ameri- 

161 




James Madison 



162 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

can frigate, 'Tresident/' politely hailed the British sloop 
of war, ''Little Belt." The answer was a round shot in 
the American's main mast. A broadside from the 
"President" resulted in the disabling of the English ship. 
The British government refused to make amends for this and 
other outrages, and war was declared June 19, 1812. 

306 — General Hull Surrenders Detroit 

At the opening of hostilities Canada was the point aimed 
at by the Americans. General William Hull, Governor of 
Michigan territory, led an army across into Canada. Hear- 
ing the English were in force to oppose him, he retreated 
again to Detroit and awaited them. The British and In- 
dians advanced against the well-intrenched Americans 
who were waiting to receive them with a hot fire. When 
they were within a few hundred yards, General Hull hoisted 
a white flag and surrendered the fort at Detroit and his 
whole force, without firing a shot. He was afterward sen- 
tenced to be shot for cowardice but was pardoned by the 
President. 

307 — Queenstown Heights 

A few months later another American force under General 
Van Rensselaer crossed the Niagara and attacked the English 
at Queenstown Heights. They were successful at first, but 
the reinforcements they expected refused to leave American 
soil and they were compelled to sui'render. Another army 
which was to captui^e Montreal never got any further than 
the border line. 

So the three attempts to capture Canada were great failures. 

308— "Constitution" and "Guerriere" 

The Americans were fighting a different sort of battle on 
the sea. Three days after the surrender of General Hull, his 



JAMES MADISON, FOURTH PRESIDENT 



163 



nephew, Captain Isaac Hull in command of the U. S. S. 
*' Constitution" (which the people loved to call *'01d Iron- 
sides") fell in with the British ship '"Guerriere," off the New 
England coast. Captain Hull paid no attention to the fire 
of the Britisher, until he had brought his ship to the exact 
position wanted, less than a pistol shot away. Then he 
poured in some smashing broadsides and the English ship 
surrendered, in a sinking 
condition. 

309— "Frolic" and 
"Wasp" 
A few months later the 
American sloop of war 
^^Wasp" defeated the 
English brig "Frolic," 
off Carolina and cap- 
tured her. Decatur, 
commanding the 
''United States," cap- 
tured the ''Macedonian" 
and to end up the year 
well, "Old Ironsides" 
took the British "Java." 

Naval triumphs contin- The '^ Constitution" and the '<Guemere' 
ued. Privateers were 

fitted out and in this year captured over three hundred 
prizes. The whole country rejoiced at these naval victories 
and was proud of the valor of the Yankee seamen. 

In the first year of the war, when these naval victories 
were being gained by the Americans, President Madison 
was re-elected for a second term. 




164 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 




Battle between the "United States" and the "Macedonian" 



310— Battle of Lake Erie 

The British had been most successful along the Canadian 
border because their fleet controlled Lake Erie. Commo- 
dore Oliver Hazard Perry, then but twenty-seven years of 
age, was sent to build a fleet and drive the English from the 
Lake. Perry built and equipped a fleet of nine vessels and set 
out to meet the Enghsh at Put-in-Bay. Perry's flagship the 
''Lawrence," led the attack against the enemy's flagship, 
''Detroit." It was a furious fight. The "Lawrence" was 
badly shot up and the "Detroit" was a wreck. Perry calmly 
embarked in a small boat and was rowed through a shower 
of shot to the "Niagara." Once again he sailed close to the 
enemy and in a short time had them at his mercy. When 
the battle was over, he sent General Harrison his famous 
message "We have met the enemy and they are ours; two 
ships, two brigs, one schooner and a sloop." General Har- 
rison, as we shall see, soon acted on this good news. 




165 



166 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



311— "Chesapeake'' and "Shannon'' 

One of the first American defeats was the capture of the U. 
S. ship "Chesapeake" by the British man-of-war "Shannon." 
Captain Lawrence was in command of the American ship, 
which was being fitted out in Boston. The EngUsh ship 
challenged her to fight, and Lawrence, though shorthanded 
and not fully equipped, would not refuse. He gave battle 




Death of Lawrence 

but was overmatched. The brave Lawrence received his 
death wound, and, as he was being carried below exclaimed 
"Don't give up the ship!" words which every American 
sailor has ever since remembered. The Americans suffered 
some other naval defeats in 1813 but on the whole the ad- 
vantage was with them. 



THE WAR OF 1812 (CONTINUED) 167 

CHAPTER XLIV 
THE WAR OF 1812 (Continued) 

312— Battle of the Thames 

General Harrison, who afterward became President, was 
in command of the American ''Army of the West" at Fort 
Meigs, in Michigan. As soon as he heard of the victory of 
Lake Erie, he went in pursuit of the Indians under Tecumseh 
and the EngUsh under Proctor, who were devastating the 
countryside. They met at the River Thames, and the 
American victory was complete. Proctor fled and Tecum- 
seh was killed. So all the territory Hull had surrendered, 
and more, was regained for the Americans. 




The massacre at Fort Mimms 



168 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



313 — War with Indians in South 

During 1811, the chief Tecumseh had started trouble 
among the Alabama Indians. In 1813, they fell on the 
Americans and massacred the garrison at Fort Mimms, 
including women and children. General Andrew Jackson 
was sent against them. He was a tremendous fighter, and 
drove the savages from one place to another until he had 
them cornered at Horseshoe Bend. Here his troops attacked 
with the bayonet and almost exterminated the tribe. 

314 — Veteran Troops Engaged 

In 1814, the British troops, which had been fighting Na- 
poleon, were free to be sent to America. But in the two 







:^^^^^ 



The land and water battle of Plattsburg and Lake Champlain 

years of fighting the Americans had also learned a few things 
about war. 

Still another invasion of Canada was planned, and an 
army under General Scott crossed the border and captured 
Lundy's Lane. This was a fierce fight and a brilliant vic- 
tory for the Americans. 



THE WAK OF 1812 (CONTINUED) 



169 



315 — Battle of Plattsburg and Lake Champlain 

The British now attempted to cut the states in two by 
sending an army down the valley of the Hudson, as they had 
tried to do with Burgoyne, in the Revolution. A large force 
was sent from Canada consisting of twelve thousand veter- 
ans from Wellington's victorious European army. They 
advanced toward Plattsburg, N. Y., and their fleet on Lake 
Champlain gave battle to the American fleet under Com- 
modore Macdonough. The American squadron nearly 
annihilated the British ships. The small army at Platts- 
burg also fought gallantly, and the British fled back to 
Canada. 




An old view of the Capitol at Washington 



316 — Ravages Along the Coast 

The whole Atlantic coast was now blockaded by the Bri- 
tish fleet, and towns were destroyed whenever possible. 
Admiral Cockburn ravaged the country along the Chesa- 



170 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



peake and General Ross and a force marched on Washington 
and captured the city. They disgraced themselves by 
burning the Capitol, the Library, the White House, and 

other public buildings in 
the unprotected city. 

317— The Star Spangled 
Banner 

The English, leaving 
Washington, sailed to at- 
tack Baltimore. An army 
was landed, and the fleet 
bombarded Fort Mc- 
Henry near the city. 
Neither was successful. 
The British General Ross, 
who burned Washington, 
was killed and his force 
withdrew. During this 
bombardment Francis 
Scott Key wrote the na- 
tional song, the Star 
Spangled Banner. He 
had gone onboard a British 
ship, under a flag of truce. 
All during the long night 
he anxiously watched 
The Star Spanned Banner at Fort ^is beloved country's flag 




McHenry 



on the ramparts of the fort. 



318— Treaty of Peace 

Peace was made by a treaty signed at the city of Ghent 
on December 24, 1814. But news travelled slowly then, by 
sailing ship, and before the treaty was made known in 



BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS 



171 



America, the great battle of New Orleans had been fought, 
Jan. 8, 1815. 

319— Battle of New Orleans 

The British General Packenham, with twelve thousand 
veterans, thought he could capture the city of New Orleans 
and so control the Mississippi River. General Andrew 




The Battle of New Orleans 

Jackson, "Old Hickory," was there to meet him. He had 
a smaller force of Americans, but every one of them was a 
marksman and a backwoodsman who knew no fear. Jack- 
son entrenched his army behind cotton bales and sand bags 
and awaited the English charge. Time after time the 
English advanced only to be swept back by a terrible fire. 
Packenham and several other high officers were killed. The 
veterans of scores of battles could not stand the withering 



172 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

fire of the Americans. The British were totally defeated, 
lost seven hundred killed, fourteen hundred wounded and 
five hundred prisoners. The Americans had seven killed 
and six wounded. 

320— Results of the War 

The results of the war of 1812, (often called the second 
war of Independence) were to show the world that America 
could and would protect her interests. Though nothing 
was said about the impressment of seamen in the Treaty of 
Peace, England ceased this practice. Manufactures had 
sprung up during this time and although the war brought 
hard times, trade soon revived, and great prosperity ensued. 
This was perhaps the most important result of the war — the 
further encouragement of domestic manufacturing, which 
had been started at the time of the Embargo Acts. 

CHAPTER XLV 
JAMES MONROE, FIFTH PRESIDENT 

321 — Monroe's Administration (1817-25) 

After the War of 1812, a long period of peace gave the 
United States an opportunity to develop. The great 
questions of immigration, slavery, tariff, internal improve- 
ment, and the opening of the West were to be settled. 

James Monroe, a Republican (Democrat), was elected, in 
1816, by a great majority of votes. 

Under Monroe the Government was principally concerned 
in reducing the national debt and reviving and advancing 
commerce and manufacture. 

322— New States 

Slaves had originally been owned in the Northern as 
well as the Southern States, but the practise had gradually 



JAMES MONROE, FIFTH PRESIDENT 



173 



died out in the north. It was not profitable there. In 
the South the cotton crop needed negro labor, and slavery- 
was firmly established. 

Each of the six years, from 1816 to 1821, saw the admission 
of a state to the Union. In 1816, Indiana (free) came in. 
In 1817, Mississippi (slave) was admitted. Illinois (free) 
followed, in 1818, and Alabama (slave), in 1819. Maine 
(free) became a state, in 1820, and Missouri (slave), in 1821. 




Emigrants to the West 

323 — Cumberland Road 

The valley of the Mississippi was rapidly filling up with 
settlers and a means of easy access across the Alleghanies 
was necessary. A bill was passed, in 1817, providing for the 
construction of a National road from Cumberland, Mary- 
land, to Wheeling, West Virginia. It was called the Cum- 
berland road and was afterward extended through Ohio, 
Indiana, and Illinois. 



174 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

It was well constructed, made an easy route across the 
mountains and aided greatly in the development of the 
West. In those days this was a great undertaking for the 
National Government and was looked on by the people 
somewhat as we now consider the Panama Canal. 

324— Trouble in Florida 

In 1817, the Seminole Indians went on the warpath along 
the borders of Georgia and Alabama. The Seminoles were 
a Florida tribe. They were assisted in their onslaught by 
bands of Creek Indians, runaway slaves, outlaws, and pirates 
who infested the Spanish territory. The American force 
sent against them was not successful. General Jackson was 
put in command, and "Big Knife," as the Indians called him, 
raised a force of Tennessee riflemen, and overran the coun- 
try. The fact that it was Spanish territory did not bother 
Jackson, and he even took possession of one of their forts at 
St. Marks. Here he found two Englishmen, Arbuthnot and 
Ambuster, who had incited the Indians to the uprising. 
Jackson arrested them, found them guilty and executed 
them. He then marched on Pensacola, took the town and 
compelled the Spanish to withdraw to Havana. 

325 — Florida Purchased. Alabama Admitted. 

Spain and England were greatly aroused and threatened 
war, but Jackson was more popular than ever with his 
countrymen. Finally the King of Spain decided that it 
would cost more than it was worth to defend Florida, and 
sold it to the United States for five millions of dollars (Feb. 
22, 1819). This was a splendid purchase for the United 
States. It completed the coast line from Maine to Mexico 
and removed a source of trouble at the border. 

In December, 1819, Alabama became a state, making 
twenty-two in all. 



JAMES MONROE, FIFTH PRESIDENT 



175 



326^-The Slavery Question 

The opposition to slavery had for years been growing in 
the Northern States of the Union. But slavery was increas- 
ing in the South, where, as we have learned, slaves were 
most useful in raising the cotton crop. About this time two 
new states asked for admission. They were Maine, in New 
England, and Missouri, which had been carved out of the 
Louisiana purchase. A heated debate arose in Congress 
as to whether Missouri 
should be admitted as a free 
or a slave state. The debate 
even became bitter, but a 
solution was finally proposed 
by Henry Clay. 

327 — Missouri Compromise 
Under Clay's plan Maine 
was admitted as a free state 
and Missouri as a slave state. 
But a law was also passed 
regulating slavery in all new 
states to be organized out of 
the Louisiana purchase. 
The new states lying north of 
the southerly boundary of 

Missouri (36" 30') were to be free states. All new states 
south of this line were to be slave states. This bill was 
called the Missouri Compromise and settled the slavery 
question for some years. 




Henry Clay 



328 — Re-elected. South American Republics 

The prosperity of the country was great and Monroe was 

re-elected, in 1820, by all but one electoral vote. 

The Spanish colonies of South America had taken advan- 



176 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

tage of the Napoleonic wars to declare themselves free. In 
doing so they had the sympathy of the American republic, 
and, in 1822, a bill was passed in which Congress recognized 
the independence of the South American Republics. 

329 — "The Holy Alliance." Russia in the Pacific. 

Spain, however, was anxious to recover her colonies and 
looked about in Europe for help in the undertaking. The 
most likely help would come from the ''Holy Alliance" of 
Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Russian colonists from Alaska 
were spreading down the coast toward California. Monroe 
feared that, in return for help to regain her colonies, Spain 
would cede California to Russia. Thus the Pacific coast 
would be forever closed to the United States. 

330 — Monroe Doctrine 

In his message to Con- 
gress, in 1823, Monroe an- 
nounced the policy of the 
United States regarding 
other American countries. 
This policy has taken an 
important place in American 
history as the Monroe Doc- 
trine. 

The principal points of 
this doctrine are: 

1st.— The United States 

will not interfere with any 

existing colonies in Ameri- 
James Monroe ^^ ^f ^^^y European power. 

2nd.— The United States will view as an unfriendly act 
any attempt of a European power to control or oppress 
any independent country on the American continent. 




JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, SIXTH PRESIDENT 



177 



3rd. — The American Continents are henceforth not to 
be considered as subjects for future colonization by any 
European power. 

331— Effect 

This doctrine effectively stopped Spain from any attempt 
to regain her colonies. It also put an end to colonization of 
the Pacific Coast by Russia. 

332 — Lafayette's Visit 

In the simimer of 1824, the whole country rejoiced at a 
visit of General Lafayette from France. The venerable 
Marquis, returning to the country he had helped to liberate, 
was received by many of the veteran patriots in company 
with whom he had fought. He visited the tomb of Wash- 
ington and laid the corner stone of the Bunker Hill monu- 
ment, fifty years after that memorable battle. 

He sailed home to France in the frigate "Brandywine" — 
named after the battle in which he had first fought for 
America's freedom. 



CHAPTER XLVI 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 
SIXTH PRESIDENT 

333 — Adams ' Administration 
(1825-29) 

The electoral vote in 1824 
failed to elect a President and 
for a second time the House 
of Representatives was called 
on to decide. They chose 
John Quincy Adams, a son of 
the second President. 




John Quincy Adams 



178 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



334 — Transportation to and from the West 

This period of the nation's history is one of development 
of transportation. The country west of the mountains 
was at a great disadvantage. It could reach no markets 
for its produce except by floating it down the great length 
of the Mississippi River. It cost too much in time and 
money to bring it across the mountains; and on the other 
hand all the manufactured articles used in this section had 
to be hauled over the mountains in wagons. The roads 
were bad and the cost was great. 




The Erie Canal 



335 — Erie Canal 

Now, as you have learned, there was an ancient route 
leading from New York City to the Great Lakes, by means 
of the Hudson and Mohawk valleys. This was almost a 
water level route, and along it Governor Clinton of New 
York decided to dig a great ditch — a canal which would 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, SIXTH PRESIDENT 179 

connect Lake Erie with the Atlantic. Work was started, 
in 1817, amid the ridicule of many who believed it would 
never be finished. In eight years, however, the canal was 
finished. It had been carried over rivers on bridges, and a 
system of locks was built to raise the boats over such high- 
lands as were met with. 

336 — Results 

The great value of this canal to commerce may be imag- 
ined when it is known that it paid for itself in less than ten 
years. 

Through its influence New York City became the metrop- 
olis of the New World. The trade of Pennsylvania and 
Maryland was threatened, and these states made haste to 
develop canals that would carry boats across the mountains. 
A great canal to be called the Chesapeake and Ohio was 
planned, and on July 4, 1828, President Adams dug the first 
spadeful of earth. 

337 — Railroads 

On this same day the venerable Charles Carroll of Carroll- 
ton, the last living signer of the Declaration of Independence 
placed the stone which marked the beginning of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad. This was the answer of the 
City of Baltimore to the canals of New York and Penn- 
sylvania. 

This little line of wooden rail, covered with strips of iron, 
was the first of the thousands of miles of splendid railroads 
which now unite all parts of the land. The influence of the 
canals and railroads on the country, particularly on the 
West, has been incalculable. They reach into every comer 
of the country and bring its most widely separated parts 
into easy communication. It is indeed through them that 
we are united in fact, as well as in name. 



180 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



338— Fifty Years Free 

In 1826, the semi-centennial (50 years) of American Inde- 
pendence was celebrated. By a strange coincidence both 

John Adams of Massa- 
chusetts and Thomas 
Jefferson of Virginia 
died on this day, July 4, 
1826. No two men had 
done more to bring 
about the Declaration of 
Independence, on the 
fiftieth anniversary of 
which they passed away. 

339— Tariff of 1828 

A tariff is a tax placed 
on goods imported from 
foreign lands. It has 
two objects — to produce 
the revenue needed to 
run the government; and 
to raise the price of im- 
ported articles, so that 
home manufactures can 
compete with them. It is possible to make some articles 
cheaper in foreign countries than in America, because labor 
there is not so well paid. In 1828, Congress passed a tariff 
bill which was highly protective to all American industries. 
This suited the people of the North and East, where large 
factories had been built and much manufacturing was 
done. But it was greatly disliked by the farmers of the 
South and West. Instead of being benefited they were 
forced to pay higher for their manufactured supplies. This 
tariff was called by them the ''Tariff of Abominations." 




Bunker Hill Monument 



ANDREW JACKSON, SEVENTH PRESIDENT 181 

CHAPTER XLVII 
ANDREW JACKSON, SEVENTH PRESIDENT 

340— Jackson's Administration (1829-37) 

Andrew Jackson, the Hero of New Orleans, was elected 
Pi-esident for the four years, 1829-1833. The feeling against 
the tariff in the South grew continually more bitter. This 
section of the country felt that their soil and climate were 
such that they were destined for all time to be ''staple 
states"; that is, states producing great cotton, tobacco, rice, 
and sugar crops and with almost no manufactures. They 
objected to being taxed on their supplies to benefit the manu- 
facturing section of the country. 

341— NulUfication Act 

In 1832, South Carolina 
passed a ** Nullification 
Ordinance" which declared 
that the tai'iff law of Con- 
gress was null and void 
within her borders. The 
right of this state to so act 
was eloquently advocated 
in the Senate by Robert 
Haynes, of South Carolina. 
Daniel Webster, of Massa- 
chusetts, in his reply to 
Haynes, reached perhaps 
the summit of his powers 
as an orator. 

General Jackson was not the man to stand any action like 
nullification, which really amounted to secession. He or- 
dered troops and a warship to Charleston and the hotheads 
were entirely overawed. 




Andrew Jackson "Old Hickory' 



182 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

342 — Tariff Compromise Bill 

In this time of stress Henry Clay again came to the front. 
He offered a ''Tariff Compromise" Bill which was accepta- 
ble to North and South. When told that the bill would 
probably hurt his chances of being President Henry Clay 
nobly replied, ''I would rather be right than be President.'' 

343 — Abolition Movements 

The feelings of the South, already hurt by the Tariff 
Act, were further angered by the opposition to slavery, 
which was becoming more violent in the North. Societies 
of Abolitionists were formed, which demanded the abolition 
of slavery, even if extreme measures were necessary to do 
away with the system. The question grew more intense 
as time went on. The states gradually became separated 
into two great groups, the Northern and Southern, free and 
slave. The interests and ideals of the sections differed more 
each year until they finally resulted in civil war. 

344— Bank of the United States 

General Jackson was re-elected for the term, 1833-1837, 
He had refused to continue the charter of the Bank of the 
United States during his first term, and on his re-election 
ordered the public money taken away from it and deposited 
in local banks. The Bank was forced to call in this money 
from people who had borrowed it, and this created great 
distress and many failures. 

After the money had been deposited in local banks, it 
became easy to borrow and great speculation commenced, 
particularly in land. 

345 — Purchase of Indian Lands 

The Indian's idea of selling property differed from the 
white man's. When the Indian sold his land, he meant 



MARTIN VAN BUREN, EIGHTH PRESIDENT 



183 



that the sale should not bind his children. He simply sold 
his own rights of the property. The United States govern- 
ment had made treaties with the Indian tribes, buying their 
lands from them. But when the government came to en- 
force the treaties, a second generation of Indians had grown 
up. They claimed they were not bound by the bargains of 
their fathers and refused to leave their lands. 

346 — Indian Troubles 

During Jackson's administrations trouble of this kind 
resulted in the Black Hawk war in the Northwest, and the 
Cherokee and Seminole wars in the South. In each case the 
Indians were finally defeated and forced to abandon their 
lands and move further west. 

347— New States 

Arkansas (slave) was admitted, in 1836, and Michigan 
(free), in 1837. 

CHAPTER XLVIII 
MARTIN VAN BUREN, EIGHTH PRESIDENT 



348 — Van Buren's Admin- 
istration (1837-41) 

Martin Van Buren, of 
New York, was elected 
President, in 1837. He was 
of the same political belief 
as Jackson — against the 
United States Bank and 
Protection. 

When Jackson transferred 
the public money from the 
Bank of the United States 




Martin Van Buren 



184 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

to local banks a great era of speculation took place. Many 
banks were founded, and each of them issued paper 
money. The United States accepted this money in pay- 
ment for public lands, and so the whole country seemed to 
become involved in buying and selling lands. Cities and 
villages were planned throughout the entire country and 
all sorts of wildcat schemes were entered into. 

349— Panic of 1837 

Then Jackson issued the order that the government must 
have specie — that is gold or silver — in payment for lands. 
The full effect of this was felt in the early part of Van Buren's 
administration. Banks failed by the score. Business 
houses were forced to the wall, and one of the worst panics 
in the history of the country followed. Within two months 
from the time Van Buren became President, failures to the 
amount of $150,000,000 occurred in New York and New 
Orleans. 

3 50 — Immigration 

The number of immigrants entering the United States, up 
to the year 1830, was not very large. The population of the 
country had grown principally through the natural increase 
in births. Between 1830 and 1840, however, more than 
half a million foreigners arrived, and of these one half were 
Irish Catholics. 

351 — Opposition to Catholics 

The native American population became .alarmed at this 
influx of aliens. Some people advised denying the vote to 
newcomers, and the matter became a hot political question. 
Much unrest and considerable ill feeling and anti-Catholic 
rioting resulted. In Charlestown, Mass., the Ursuline 
Convent was burned down by a mob (1834). Ten years 



REVIEW 185 

later an anti-Catholic mob burned down two churches and a 
convent in Philadelphia, and threats of violence were made 
in New York. The Catholics of that city, under Archbishop 
Hughes, were determined to defend themselves, and their 
enemies did not carry out their threats. This ill-feeling 
continued in greater or less degree until it was lost in the 
excitement of the Civil War. 



IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION IX 

1. During the term of James Madison, fourth President, 
British aggression on the seas became unbearable. War 
was declared in June, 1812. The Americans attempted to 
invade Canada but without success. Detroit, and all 
Michigan, were disgracefully surrendered by Gen. Hull. 

2. On the sea the Americans gained many glorious vic- 
tories. On lake Erie, and later on Lake Champlain the Bri- 
tish fleets were destroyed. On the other hand the British 
fleet ravaged the Atlantic coast, and their troops burned the 
national Capitol, Washington. Later on Michigan was re- 
gained by the Battle of the Thames, and the English received 
a terrible defeat at New Orleans. 

3. The result of the War of 1812 was to show the world 
that America could and would defend her rights. It also 
resulted in many manufactures being started in this country, 
to make articles formerly imported from Europe. 

4. James Monroe, fifth President, held office during a 
time of peace and expansion. A National Road was built 
across the Allegany Mountains, to accommodate the West- 
ern settlers ; and Florida was bought from Spain. 

5. The anti-slavery party in the Northern States opposed 
the admission of Missouri to the Union as a slave state. 
This question was settled for some years by Henry Clay's 
Missouri Compromise Bill. This permitted slavery in 
Missouri, but prohibited it in any new state as far north as 
Missouri's southern boundary. 



186 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

6. President Monroe was the author of the "Monroe 
Doctrine." By it the United States declared itself opposed 
to the establishment or further extension of European 
colonies in the Western Hemisphere. 

7. The term of John Quincy Adams, sixth President, was 
one of transportation development. The Erie Canal was 
opened. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was started. 
Other canals and railroads were projected. 

8. The term of Andrew Jackson, seventh President, was 
memorable for the Nullification Act of South Carolina. By 
it this state sought to set aside a Tariff Act of Congress, 
which it did not like. This came very near being secession 
from the Union; Jackson's prompt action overawed the 
state. 

9. Martin Van Buren, eighth President, held office during 
a period of hard times. Many banks failed and factories 
were closed. But emigration increased and among the 
newcomers were many Catholics. 

10. A bitter opposition to Catholics sprang up. So-called 
Native American parties were formed, and much violence 
resulted. People foolishly believed that Catholics could 
not make good Americans; that belief no longer exists, 
amongst intelligent people. 



from 90 




)ngitude 



Washington 



SECTION X 



EXPANSION. THE SLAVERY QUESTION 



CHAPTER XLIX 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT; 
JOHN TYLER, TENTH PRESIDENT 

352 — Harrison's Administration (1841) 

General William Henry Harrison, the ''Hero of Tippe- 
canoe, " was the Whig nominee for President. John Tyler 
of Virginia ran for Vice President. Martin Van Buren led 

the Democrats, who were 
defeated for the first time 
since the election of Jefferson 
I'orty years before. How- 
ever President Harrison held 
office but one month when 
he died. This was the first 
time a President died while 
in office. Vice President Ty- 
ler immediately took his 
place. (1841-45). 

353 — Texas Gains Indepen- 
dence 

William H. Harrison Encouraged by the Mexi- 

can Government, many 
Americans, mostly from the Southern States, had settled in 
Texas and had brought their slaves with them. Later on a 
law was passed forbidding slavery in Mexico, and much fric- 

187 




188 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



tion arose over the American-owned slaves. The Americans 
found the Mexican rule hard to bear and set up laws of their 
own making. Mexico would not sanction these, and a 
revolution ensued. In 1837, the Mexican Dictator, Santa 
Anna, was defeated at the bloody battle of San Jacinto. 
Texas then became an independent republic. 

354— Annexation of Texas. Florida Admitted. 

The Southern States were anxious to annex the country 
to the United States. From it could be carved slave states, 
which would balance new free states. This met with opposi- 
tion in the North; but the day before his term of office ended 
Tyler signed the bill an- 
nexing Texas to the 
United States. Florida 
was admitted in 1845. 

355— The Telegraph 

The closing months of 
Tyler's term saw the first 
public test of the mag- 
n e t i c telegraph . For 
years amid great dis- 
couragements. Prof. 
Samuel F. B. Morse 
worked on a scheme to 
send messages over a 
wire by means of elec- 
tricity. 

In 1843 Morse per- 
suaded Congress to give 
him $30,000, and a short line was constructed from Wash- 
ington to Baltimore. The first message sent over the wire was 
the quotation from the Bible, ''What hath God wrought/' 




Samuel F. B. Morse 



JAMES POLK, ELEVENTH PRESIDENT 189 

CHAPTER L 
JAMES POLK, ELEVENTH PRESIDENT 

356— Polk's Administration (1845-49) 

In the election of 1844, Henry Clay, the Great Pacificator 
(Whig), was opposed by James K. Polk of Tennessee (Demo- 
crat). The election was more _ ._,. 

Rio Grande River. Taylor j^^^^ j^ P^l^ 

occupied the disputed region 

and was attacked by a gi'eatly superior force of Mexicans 
at Palo Alto. He defeated them there, and routed them at 
Resace de la Palma a few days later (May, 1846). 

Word of this fighting reached Congress which promptly 
declared war between the United States and Mexico. Vol- 
unteers were called for, and three armies were formed. 

358— The First Army 

General Kearney, with the First Army, captured Santa 
Fe, in New Mexico after a wearisome march . Then Kearney 
set out with four hundred dragoons to take California. But 
he had not gone very far when he met the famous frontiers- 



190 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



man, ''Kit" Carson. Carson told him California had 
already been taken. 

359 — California Captured 

On July 3, 1846, Commodore John Drake Sloat, of the 
U. S. Navy, had raised the flag over Monterey and then over 
San Francisco. Furthermore Col. John F. Fremont, who 
had been exploring in the neighborhood, had collected the 
American settlers in Northern California and had defeated 
the Mexicans in several engagements. Thus the whole of 
the great territory was taken for the Americans by a few 
brave and determined men. 




General Taylor at Monterey 

360 — The Second Army 

General Taylor commanded the Second Army. It was in- 
creased in strength, with the idea of holding the Rio Grande 
and inflicting damage inland. Matamores was taken and 



JAMES POLK, ELEVENTH PRESIDENT 



191 



when reinforcements arrived Taylor attacked the garrison 
at Monterey. After a fierce fight a splendid victory re- 
sulted. The Americans overran the city and defeated the 
enemy in a running fight from house to house. 



361 — Buena Vista 

The best part of Taylor's army was now withdrawn to go 
with the army of General Scott against Mexico City. The 
Mexicans under 
Santa Anna 
thought they could 
wipe out Taylor 
with his six thou- 
sand men. Twenty 
thousand Mexicans 
advanced against 
the smaller force at 
Buena Vista. A 
terrific battle en- 
sued, which the 
Americans won, 
and the whole 
country around the 
Rio Grande was then safely in their possession. 




Escape of Santa Anna after Cerra Gordo 



362— The Third Army 

General Scott, with the Third Army, was sent against 
the City of Mexico. The troops, twelve thousand strong, 
were transported on ships and landed near Vera Cruz. The 
army and fleet under Commodore Connor bombarded the 
town, forcing its surrender, and then the advance on Mexico 
City commenced. This was a long and tiresome march, 
through a mountainous country, which was difficult to invade 
but easy to defend. 



192 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

363 — Cerra Gordo 

The Mexicans made a stand at a mountain pass called 
Cerra Gordo. The attack of the Americans was so fierce 
that the enemy was completely routed. Their commander 
Santa Anna escaped with difficulty on a mule. He left his 
wooden leg and his money behind him. 

The city of Pueblo was taken, and then, when reinforce- 
ments arrived, Scott started across the mountains for 
Mexico City. 

364 — Capture of Mexico City 

The city was defended by thirty thousand Mexicans in 
well fortified positions. On the 20th of August, the Ameri- 
cans attacked in several places and gained five separate 
victories, driving the Mexicans into the fortifications of 
Chapultepec. The outer defences of Chapultepec were 
stormed and taken, and their guns turned on the main for- 
tress. This, too, fell five days later, and, on Sept. 14, the 
American army, now but six thousand strong, entered the 
Capital of Mexico. 

365 — Peace and Results 

This ended the war. On July 4, 1848, a proclamation 
of peace was issued. Mexico ceded to the United States all 
of upper California, New Mexico and the Texas territory to 
the Rio Grande. The United States paid Mexico 
$15,000,000 and paid several millions in claims for her account. 

It was then sixty-five years after the close of the Revo- 
lution and American territory stretched from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific Oceans. 

366 — A Catholic Region 

The territory which now became part of the United States 
was historic from a Catholic view-point. Sante Fe, the 



THE OREGON TERRITORY 193 

second oldest city in our country, had been a Catholic mis- 
sion center for three hundred years before it became part of 
the United States. The Indians had been converted and 
civilized, and the work of the Catholic priests had continued 
without interruption. 

367 — California Missions 

About the end of the seventeenth century the Jesuits 
began their work of conversion among the Indians of lower 
California, and for seventy years the work was carried on, 
until, in 1767, they were expelled from Spanish territory. 

They were followed by the Franciscans, the evidences of 
whose work still remain. Founded in San Diego, shortly 
before our Revolutionary War, these missions expanded 
until more than twenty stations were established as far 
north as San Francisco. 

368 — Work of the Missionaries 

In these missions the Indians learned not only Christianity 
but also civilization. Farming, fruit and wine growing, and 
cattle-raising were engaged in by the natives, under the 
guidance of the good priests. All this was changed when 
Mexico became an independent nation. The missions were 
confiscated by the state, the natives dispersed, and the 
buildings allowed to fall into a state of ruin and decay. 
Many of these ruins are still to be seen. 

CHAPTER LI 
THE OREGON TERRITORY 

369 — Oregon 

The territory on the Pacific coast north of California had 
long been claimed by both England and America. Various 



194 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



attempts were made to settle the dispute but without suc- 
cess. The Americans claimed ownership up to the parallel 
of 54° 40'; ''Fifty-four forty or fight" became the popular 
cry. But wiser counsels prevailed, and a compromise was 
reached, placing the American boundary at the 49th parallel. 
The vast Oregon country thus became American soil (Jan. 
15, 1846). 

370— Father de Smet 

Oregon was the scene of the labors of the saintly Father de 
Smet, a Jesuit priest. He reached Oregon, in 1841, with a 
large company of emigrants from Missouri. Shortly after- 
ward he brought out six Sisters of Notre Dame, of Namur, 
from his native country, Belgium. Father de Smet founded 
missions among the Flathead Indians, and the church pro- 
gressed with great rapidity in Oregon. ''The Apostle of 
^_^ ^ ^^^_ the Rockies," as he has been 

, , ^fe ^^^ called, gave his whole life to 

'^^ ^ ^ "^ workamongthe Indian tribes. 



r^^i 




371— Four New States 

Iowa, and Wisconsin two 
free states, were admitted, in 
1846 and 1848, and offset 
Florida and Texas, slave 
states, admitted shortly be- 
fore. There were now fifteen 
free and fifteen slave states. 



372— Gold Discovered, 1848 
The treaty of peace with 
Mexico had hardly been signed, when a laborer, working on 
a mill race on the American River, in California, discovered 
some particles of gold in the sand. The news soon reached 



Miners at work searching for gold 



GOLD DISCOVERED 195 

the East and Europe, and a wild scramble to reach Califor- 
nia ensued. Profitable businesses, well cultivated farms, 
lucrative positions, all were abandoned and the gold-crazed 
people rushed for California. 

373— The ''Forty-Niners" 

The overland route was hardly known, and many gave up 
their lives in attempting it. Others sailed around Cape 




San Francisco in early days 

Horn or crossed Central America and sailed up the coast 
by ship. Every kind of vessel was used, and many ships 
were wrecked along the coast. 

The population of California increased with great strides. 
San Francisco grew in a short time to be a city of 12,000 
people; and soon a quarter of a million people inhabited the 
region. 

374 — Internal Afifairs 

While these stirring events had been happening, the coun- 
try was progressing in many other ways. Six thousand 
miles of railroad had been built, and the telegraph had 
spread its wires in every direction. The population rose 
to twenty-three millions. 



196 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

The years of 1846 and 1847, saw the terrible famine in 
Ireland; many thousands escaped from that suffering land 
to free America. 

In 1846, the Sixth Council of Baltimore placed the United 
States under the patronage of the Immaculate Conception 
of the Blessed Virgin Mary. 

375 — Reaper. Other Inventions 

In 1834, the horse drawn reaper^ by means of which vast 
areas of grain or grass could be cut, was invented by Cyrus 
McCormack. Other farming implements were perfected 
and greatly stimulated agriculture. In 1836, coal com- 
menced to be profitably used on railroads and in making 
iron. 

In 1838, the screw propeller for steamships was perfected 
by John Emerson. This greatly increased the distance 
steamships could go and the speed of theii* travel. In 1839, 
the invention of the steam hammer did much to lessen the 
cost and increase the quality of iron manufactures. In 
1846, a workable sewing machine was invented. The power 
loom for manufacturing cotton and wool was still further 
perfected and increased the output of the factories of the 
North. 

CHAPTER LIT 

ZACHARY TAYLOR, TWELFTH PRESIDENT; 
MILLARD FILLMORE, THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT 

365— Taylor's Administration (1849-50) 

The popularity of General Zachary Taylor, on account of 
his victories in the Mexican War, brought him the nomina- 
tion of the Whig party. The Democratic strength was 
split, and Taylor was elected by a small majority. 

California was anxious to gain statehood and applied for 



TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH PRESIDENTS 



197 



admission as a free state. Once more the slavery question 
came to the front in Congress, and the country again be- 
came divided in bitter dispute. 
377— Omnibus Bill 

Again and for the last time Henry Clay came forward to 
reconcile the sections. He introduced the ''Omnibus Bill" 
as a compromise measure. 

While this bill was being discussed, President Taylor died 
(July 9, 1850), and the Vice President, Millard Fillmore, 
took office (1850-53). 

378 — Compromise of 1850 

Shortly afterward the Omnibus Bill, known as the '' Com- 
promise of 1850," was passed. It provided, among other 
things that, California should be admitted as a free state 
(1850) ; that the territories to be made from the balance of 
the Mexican cession should decide for themselves whether 
they should be free or slave; that a law should be enacted 
giving the Federal au- 
thorities power to arrest 
fugitive slaves and re- 
turn them to their own- 
ers; and that the slave 
trade (but not slavery) 
should be abolished in 
the District of Colum- 
bia. 



279- 



Slave 




-Fugitive 

Law 

The fugitive slave 

law provoked the 

North. Federal officers were sent into Northern States to 

retake runaway slaves. Some who had made their escape 



Arresting a fugitive slave 



198 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

years before, and were living in peace and security were 
rudely taken back to their masters. Riot and bloodshed 
resulted, and a bitterness developed, which even the great 
men of the day could not allay. Clay and Webster, now 
at the closing years of their long careers, did all they could 
to foster a spirit of compromise but with little success. And 
then, in 1852, they too passed away, Calhoun had preceded 
them but two years, and, with the passing of these great 
minds, ''the stage was clearing for another scene.'' 

380— Uncle Tom's Cabin 

About this time was published "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
a story supposed to picture the cruel lot of a Southern slave. 
It did not give a true picture of slavery, but its appeal to the 
sympathies of the North was instantaneous. 

CHAPTER LIII 
FRANKLIN PIERCE, FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT 

381 — Pierce's Administra- 
tion 

Franklin Pierce (Demo- 
crat) (1853-57) of New 
Hampshire was elected Presi- 
dent, in 1852, over General 
Scott the Whig candidate. 

382 — Gadsden Purchase 

(1853) 

For some time it seemed 

probable that another war 

Franklin Pierce ^q^i^ be fought with Mexico 

over territory lying between the Gila and Rio Grande 

rivers. The dispute was settled by the purchase of this 




FRANKLIN PIERCE, FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT 199 

region by the United States through its minister, Mr. 
Gadsden. 

383— Kansas-Nebraska Bill 

The slavery question was made more acute by the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill of 1854. This bill, introduced by Senator 
Douglas of Illinois, repealed the Missouri Compromise and 
formed two new territories which were to become free or 
slave states, as their people might decide by vote. 

384— Squatter Sovereignty 

Many of the people of this new region were settlers who 
had simply taken their lands by right of being there first. 
They were called ''squatters, " and the law which gave them 
the power to decide the slave question was called the law of 
''Squatter Sovereignty." 

385 — Civil War in Kansas 

The law was passed, and a struggle for the control of the 
region began at once. Nebraska was too far north to be 
anything but a free state; but Kansas was soon overrun by 
adherents of both parties. Riot and bloodshed ensued ; and 
for several years the region was in a state of civil war. Two 
riva;l governments were formed, and order was not restored 
until 1855, when the President appointed a military governor 
for Kansas. 

386— The Know Nothings 

From the "Native American" party a greater organiza- 
tion had now sprung up, opposed to the Catholic Church. 
Its members were called the "Know Nothings," because 
only a few of them were permitted to know the mysteries of 
the organization. The others were kept in ignorance and 
came to be called, "Know Nothings." The party was 



200 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

quite powerful for a time and had as many as one hundred 
representatives in Congress. It attracted many men who 
were tired of the bitter slavery question and glad of some 
other political issue. The party wielded some influence in 
the election of 1855, and then disappeared in the turmoil of 
the period before the Civil War. 

387— New States 

Minnesota and Oregon were admitted in 1858 and 1859, 
and Kansas came into statehood in 1863. 

CHAPTER LIV 
JAMES BUCHANAN, FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT 

388 — Buchanan's Administration (1857-61) 
The election of 1856 saw the end of the Whig party. A 

new party, called the Repub- 
lican, nominated John C. 
Fremont. The Democrats 
nominated James Buchanan 
on a slavery platform. Bu- 
chanan was elected. 

389 — Dred Scot Decision 

A slave owner could not 
bring slaves into a free state. 
If he did so, the law of these 
states would set the slaves 
free without paying for them. 
The Southerners claimed that 

T ^ , slaves had no rights as men. 

James Buchanan rr^, i . , . 

that they were simply pri- 
vate property, the same as cows or horses; and that it was il- 
legal to take private property without paying for it. The 




JAMES BUCHANAN, FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT 201 

Supreme Court of the United States (1858) decided in the 
slave owners' favor, and gave them the right to bring their 
slaves into any state without losing them. 

This intensified the Northerners' feelings a hundredfold. 
They claimed that the last barrier against slavery had been 
removed and denounced the decision. 

390 — Lincoln-Douglas Debates 

Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, in 1809. He was 
poor and obliged to support himself from an early age. 
Studying hard whenever chance _ 

offered, he acquired an educa- 
tion and became a lawyer. He 
was elected to Congress where 
he was known as a plain but 
forceful speaker, with a large 
fund of humor. He became 
the Republican candidate for 
Senator from Illinois, in 1857, 
and entered into a series of de- 
bates on the slavery question 
with his Democratic opponent, 
Stephen A. Douglas. 

391— Results 

These debates had a great «. / * ,^ , 

influence on the history of ^''^^'" ^' ^'"^^^ 

the country. Douglas, in answer to Lincoln's questions, 
argued that the states could restrict slavery in spite of the 
Dred Scot decision. This greatly displeased the South, and, 
while Douglas was elected Senator, the South refused to 
support him for President, when nominated by the Northern 
Democrats in 1860. This split in the Democratic party 
had very serious consequences, as we shall see. 




202 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



392 — John Brown's Raid 

John Brown's Raid added intensity to what had now 
become open hatred between the sections. Brown was an 

anti-slavery fanatic, 
who felt that he was 
called on to free 
the slaves by force. 
He had taken part 
in the Kansas civil 

I \|Pi^^l\ i^^^^ai^HMlil had gathered a little 

band and attacked 
and seized the U. S. 
arsenal at Harper's 
Ferry. He p r o - 
claimed freedom for 
the slaves but was 
soon overDowered, 
convicted as a trai- 
tor, and hanged. The South was furious, believing the raid 
had been instigated in the North. 




John Brown at Harper's Ferry 



393 — The Momentous Election of 1860 

The Republican party, standing squarely on the issue of no 
further extension of slavery, nominated Abraham Lincoln 
for the Presidency. The powerful Democratic party was 
divided. The Northern Democrats believed in ''Squatter 
Sovereignty"; that the people of each new Territory should 
decide for themselves whether they should have slaves or 
not. They nominated Stephen A. Douglas. The Southern 
Democrats insisted that the Constitution gave them the right 
to own slaves in any Territory, no matter what either Con- 
gress or the people living there should decide. They refused 
to vote for Douglas and nominated John C. Breckenridge. 



JAMES BUCHANAN, FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT 203 

394— Lincoln Elected 

Some of the Southern States openly threatened to secede 
from the Union if Lincoln was elected, and the result was 
awaited w,th great anxiety. On account of the split in the 
Democratic party, Abraham Lincoln received the greatest 
number of electoral votes, and became President eleft. 

395 — Secession 

nnH^A?" T t""^^ " November. He did not take office 
until March During these months secession commenced. 
When the Union was formed, after the war of the Revolu- 
tion, It was regarded as a sort of a partnership among the 

S'th . rr^ ^'■fj'* "'""' particularly in the South, 
held that a state could withdraw from that partnership 
at any time. Now that Lincoln was elected, slavery's 
existence was threatened, and the South commenced to 
put m practice what they had always claimed was their 

In December, 1860, South Carolina seceded and declared 
tself an independent nation. Alabama, Georgia, Florida 
Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas were not long in following! 

396— Buchanan Fails to Act 

.P^I'' w* Buchanan denied the right of the states to 

remat Th "''T^ !!' ^"^ ""^ "^^^^ *« ^^^ them to 
w tn /. f™^ ^^i^"^"" 'P''* "P '"to small units and 
sent to distant parts, by Southern sympathizers then in 
power. The navy was in foreign waters 

The South felt perfectly confident that no force would be 
used. So much so in fact, that South Carolina sent com- 
missioners to Washington, who asked, as of right, that the 
nrnw fl ^e ^PP^rtioned among the states; and the 
K to °t '"""^ '""^ '*''*'^ <^°"«"^^ ""' trans- 



204 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

397 — Confederate States of America 

Much of the property of the U. S. Government was seized. 
Navy yards, arsenals and forts with much ammunition and 
arms were confiscated. 

The other slave states hesitated, hoping a solution of the 
trouble might be found. The seven seceding states were 
now seven separate governments, but they soon combined 
into a new Union, calling themselves the Confederate States 
of America. 



IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION X 

1. William H. Harrison, ninth President, died after hold- 
ing office one month. The Vice President, John Tyler, at 
once was sworn as the tenth President. In 1837 the Mexi- 
can state of Texas, largely inhabited by Americans, became 
independent. In 1845, at the end of Tyler's term, it was 
annexed to this country. In 1843 Professor Morse built the 
first telegraph line. 

2. The Mexican War was fought during the term of James 
K. Polk, eleventh President. It was won by the American 
troops without the loss of a single battle. It resulted in the 
cession to the United States of Mexican territory north of 
the Rio Grande River as far as the Pacific Ocean. This 
included the rich California section. 

3. The territory thus gained had been for many years the 
Scene of Catholic labors among the natives. Sante Fe, New 
Mexico, and the California missions, were founded by 
Catholics and flourished under the Franciscans and Jesuits. 

4. Threatened war with England, over the claims of both 
Countries to the Oregon country, was averted by a compro- 
mise giving the United States the territory up to the 49th 
Parallel of Latitude (1846). In 1848, gold was discovered in 
California and a great rush of emigrants took place. 



REVIEW 205 

5. Zachary Taylor, twelfth President, had to deal with 
the slavery question, made acute again by California's de- 
su-e to enter the Union. Taylor died in office and was suc- 
ceeded by Millard FiUmore, the thirteenth President. 

6. The Omnibus Bill, or ''Compromise of 1850," was an 
attempt to settle the slavery question by making California 
free, but allowing other territories, yet to be made from the 
Mexican cession, to decide for themselves whether they 
would be free or slave. It also allowed officers to capture 
fugitive slaves who had escaped to the North. This greatlv 
provoked the North. 

7. Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President, saw the 
slavery question become still more grave. The Missouri 
Compromise was repealed and the law of ''Squatter Sov- 
ereignty'' enacted, allowing Kansas and Nebraska to decide 
on slavery by vote. This led to a bloody civil war in Kansas. 

8. James Buchanan, fifteenth President, was in office a 
year when the Dred Scott Decision was handed down by 
the Surpeme Court. This seemed to permit slave owner- 
ship m any state and was bitterly resented in the North. 
A fanatic named John Brown raided the Arsenal at 
Harper s Ferry in an attempt to free the slaves. This in- 
censed the South. The feeling on both sides was now in- 
tense. 

9. A series of debates on slavery between Abraham 
Lmcohi and Stephen A. Douglas resulted in dividing the 
Democratic party. Lincoln was nominated for the Presi- 
dency by the anti-slavery Republican party. His platform 
was squarely against the extension of slavery. The South- 
ern States threatened to leave the Union if he was elected. 
Lincoln was elected. 

10. In December 1860 South Carolina seceded, followed 
by Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
iexas. President Buchanan claimed to have no right to 
stop them. A new union called the Confederate States of 
America was formed. 



BIOGRAPHIES 



BIOGRAPfflES 
Jackson 

Andrew Jackson, a celebrated general and statesman, 
and one of our most noted presidents was the son of an 
Irish immigrant, a day laborer. The future president was 
born in North Carolina, March 15, 1767. Free schools 
were unknown in his boyhood days, and he recieved but very 
little school instruction. Taking early an interest in politics 
he was elected Congressman and afterward United States 
Senator from Tennessee. When, in our second war with 
England, an army of English veteran troops landed near 
New Orleans, Jackson was sent to meet the enemy. The 
Americans had never been in a battle and knew nothing of 
military tactics. But most of them were backwoodsmen 
and could shoot straight, and were not afraid to meet the 
redcoats, though these outnumbered the Americans two to 
one. General Jackson issued a proclamation in which he 
denounced England as ''the highway robber of the nations"; 
and then, behind earth breastworks, his little army awaited 
the English attack. It was made in full force, on Jan. 8, 
1815, and the Americans won a decisive and glorious vic- 
tory. General Jackson was elected President of the United 
States, in 1828, and re-elected in 1832. After his second 
term was ended he retired to his home near Nashville where 
he died in 1845. 

Perry 

Oliver Hazard Perry, a distinguished officer of the 
American navy, was born in Newport, Rhode Island, in 

206 



BIOGRAPHIES 207 

1785. Near Put-in-Bay, on Lake Erie, Sept. 13, 1813, he 
defeated a superior British fleet, the conflict lasting only 
three hours. At that time Perry, a young commander, had 
never seen a battle; while the British Captain was a veteran 
who had won honor under Lord Nelson, England's greatest 
naval hero. The victory electrified the American people 
and created a profound impression in all European countries. 
Perry while commanding a squadron in the West Indies — 
he was a Commander then — died of fever on the island 
of Trinidad, August, 1819. 

Macdonough 

Thomas Macdonough, a famous officer of the Linited 
States navy, was born in Newcastle, Delaware, in 1784. 
In September, 1814, the British government sent an army 
under Sir George Prevost, south from Canada, and a strong 
fleet of war vessels down Lake Champlain. The object of 
this expedition was to cut off the New England states from 
the rest of the Union. The British army was besieging 
Plattsburg, when the British fleet attacked the American 
vessels anchored near by, under Macdonough 's command. 
Though much stronger than the Americans, the British 
were almost annihilated by Macdonough's little squadron. 
Then the besieging army became panic-stricken and fled 
back to Canada. The victory was one of the most brilliant 
and decisive ever won on water. Macdonough died, in 
1825. 

Clay 

Henry Clay, an eminent statesman and orator was 
born in Hanover County, Virginia, on April 12, 1777. He 
practiced law in Lexington, Kentucky, was elected to Con- 
gress, and for several terms held the high office of Speaker of 
the House of Representatives. He was a brilliant orator 



208 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

and wielded great influence on our nation's political life. 
His death took place on June 27, 1852, in Washington. 
One of his speeches contains the noble declaration — 

''I owe a paramount allegiance to the Union; a subordin- 
ate one to my own state.'' 

And it was Henry Clay that first said: "I would rather 
be right than President." 

Webster 

Daniel Webster, a celebrated orator and statesman, 
bom at Salisbury, N. H., Jan. 18, 1782. After some years 
of practice as a lawyer, he was chosen U. S. Senator from 
Massachusetts, in 1828, he being then a resident of Boston. 
He is regarded as America's greatest orator. One of his 
finest speeches in the Senate of the United States closed 
with the immortal words: ''Liberty and Union, now and 
forever, one and inseparable." 

De Smet 

Father Peter de Smet, S.J., ''the Apostle of the 
Rockies," is one of the finest characters in our history. He 
was born in Belgium, and, while still young, was fired with a 
zeal to work among the Indians in the far west of North 
America. He offered himseK as a candidate for the Society 
of Jesus, for the American mission. 

De Smet was ordained priest in the Maryland province, 
and, in 1838, finally realized his ambition by being sent to 
work among the Indians in Kansas. The next thirty-five 
years of his life were spent helping the poor red-men. He 
penetrated into the Rocky Mountains to reach them, and was 
rewarded by the conversion of thousands to Catholicity. 



pnworfhSk 



Longitude 



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> 2S^,rCsC?^ ^~^ \ [spBiNOFiXS^ MAP TO ILLUSTRATE 

^^^;^f» W,Va»«A i -1 THE CIVIL WAI 

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N 



SECTION XI 



CIVIL WAR 



CHAPTER LV 
. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, SIXTEENTH PRESIDENT 

398 — Lincoln's Administration (1863-5). Fort Sumter 

When Lincoln took office, March 4, 1861, a few fortifi- 
cations in the seceding states had not fallen into the hands 
of the Southerners. Among them was Fort Sumter, in 
Charleston harbor. An event now happened which put 
aside all doubt of war. 

Fort Sumter was held for the United States by Major 
Anderson and about eighty men. The fort was situated on 
an island in the harbor, and the Confederates built batteries 
on the two shores facing it. President Buchanan made a 
futile effort to reinforce Anderson and send him provisions. 
Instead of using a man of war for this purpose, a merchant 
steamer '' The Star of the Sea " was sent. A few shots from 
the batteries tui'ned her back. 

399— Sumter Fired On 

President Lincoln found Anderson^s condition desperate 
for want of men and provisions. He determined to rein- 
force him at any cost. The Confederates did not wait for 
this. On April 12, 1861, they fired on Sumter from their 
batteries, and the Civil War commenced. 

For two days and nights the bombardment continued and 
then, his food exhausted, and the fort tumbling about him, 
Anderson surrendered. He was allowed the honors of war, 

209 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN 



210 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN, SIXTEENTH PRESIDENT 



211 



saluting his flag and marching out with colors flying and 
drums beating. 




run bumter 



400— The Effect 

The fact that the South had fired on the old flag was elec- 
trical in its result. All thoughts of peace were abandoned in 
both North and South, and the country separated into two 
compact parts, each resolved to fight it out to a finish. 
Lincoln's call for seventy-five thousand volunteers was 
answered by three hundred thousand men. 

On the other hand Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas 
and Tennessee quickly joined the Confederacy. The ar- 
senal at Harpers Ferry and the great navy yard at Norfolk, 
with all their much needed supplies, were seized for the 
South. The Southern capital was moved to Richmond. 

401— The Border States 

It now became important for both sides to possess the 
border states. 



212 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

Sharp fighting in Missouri saved it for the Union, and the 
people of Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland also decided 
to be loyal. A large part of Virginia remained loyal to the 
Union and forty-one counties were formed into the new 
state of West Virginia (Admitted 1863). 

402— The Two Sections 

Let us now glance over the advantages and disadvantages 
of the contending sections of the country. In population 
the North had about four times as many white people as the 
South. This was a great advantage. It permitted the 
armies to be easily filled up and yet allowed industry and 
trade to follow an almost normal course. 

403 — Advantages of the North 

Then the North was the manufacturing section. It 
had great factories for arms and ammunition and for 
supplying all the needs of the people. The South had 
virtually none of these. It depended entirely on outside 
manufactures, and the North quickly drew a blockade 
around which prevented imports. This was a tremendous 
disadvantage to the South. Then the North was also the 
richest section in material wealth, and money counts very 
heavily in war. 

404 — Advantages of the South 

On the other hand, the South was fighting in her own 
country, which she knew well. She did not have to conquer, 
but only to resist. Her people were entirely of one mind, 
which was not true of the Northern people, of which a large 
faction called ''Copperheads," opposed the war. The 
Southerners, being mostly farmers, were used to outdoor 
life and were excellent marksmen. They made splendid 
soldiers. Many of the recruits of the North came from 



BULL RUN 213 

cities and knew nothing about life in the open or how to 
handle firearms. 

405 — Comparison 

So the North may be said to have had an advantage in 
numbers, in money, and in material. For a long time the 
South was able to match these advantages by the skill of 
commanders, and the unity and fighting qualities of her 
people. 

CHAPTER LVI 
BULL RUN 

406— First Bloodshed 

The aged General Scott was in command of the Union 
Army. Volunteer regiments had been rushed to Washing- 
ton to protect the capital. The first on the scene was the 
6th Massachusetts. While marching through Baltimore, 
this regiment was attacked and seven of its men killed ; thus 
the first blood of the Civil War was shed on April 19, the 
anniversary of the battle of Lexington. 

407— Bull Run 

Many regiments were gathered in Washington, and the 
cry of ''On to Richmond" was heard on all sides. The 
army was not ready; it was raw and untrained, but the ad- 
vance was ordered. 

The Union forces, thirty thousand strong, met the Con- 
federates about thirty miles south of Washington, near a 
small stream called Bull Run. At first the Union soldiers 
drove the Southerners back. These were rallied however 
by General T. J. Jackson, who stood with his troops like a 
'' stone wall.'^ By the name of '' Stonewall '' Jackson he has 
ever since been known. 



214 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



While the Union troops were fighting hard to break the 
Confederates' line a second time, a fresh force of 1,700 
Southerners attacked them on their right flank (side) and 
poured in a heavy cross fire. 

The raw Union troops broke in a panic and fled toward 
Washington. 

408— The Effect 

The defeat of Bull Run 
taught the North that 
the war was a serious one. 
Five hundred million 
dollars and five hundred 
thousand men were voted 
by Congress; and Gen- 
eral George B. McClellan 
was appointed to com- 
mand. He was a grad- 
uate of West Point and 
had served with distinc- 
tion in the Mexican War. 

409 — The Blockade 

The President realized 
the need the South would 
have for supplies of all 
kinds and ordered the 
navy to blockade the 
coast. There were but few vessels in the navy; but before 
the end of the year more than two hundred and fifty ships 
of all kinds had been bought or built, and the ports of the 
South were closed up. 

410 — Envoys to Europe 
Archbishop Hughes, of New York, and Thurlow Weed 




Gen. George B. McClellan 



THE WAR IN THE WEST 215 

were sent as unofficial representatives of the United States 
to the European governments and greatly helped the Union 
cause. 

411— The First Year of the War 

The important events of the first year of the war were: 

The Union forces were defeated at Bull Run, the principal 
battle. 

The Border States were saved for the Union. 

A blockade of the Southern ports was established by the 
navy. The Union armies cut off their supplies by land. 



CHAPTER LVII 

GRANT. FARRAGUT. THE MONITOR AND 

MERRIMAC 

412—1862. War in the West 

Near the border of Kentucky and Tennessee the Cumber- 
land and Tennessee Rivers are very close together. The 
Confederates held two strong positions there: Fort Henry 
on the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland. 
In February 1862, an army under General Ulysses S. Grant, 
helped by Commodore Foote with some gunboats, captured 
these forts; the Confederates were forced to withdraw and 
abandon all of Kentucky and most of Tennessee. 

413— Shiloh 

Grant then pushed on South. The Confederates fell on 
his forces at Shiloh (Apr. 7, 1862), and a terrible battle fol- 
lowed. The Union men were gradually driven back to the 
very banks of the Tennessee. Here they rallied, and fresh 
troops under Buell arriving, they in turn drove back the 
Southerners. The next morning another fight forced the 



216 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



Confederates to withdraw to Corinth. This they were ob- 
liged to evacuate not long after. 

In the meantime other Union forces, both army and navy, 
had been doing good work along the Mississippi. Island 
Number Ten was captured with seven thousand prisoners 
and, in June, Memphis was occupied. 




The Union charge at Fort Donelson 



414 — Farragut at New Orleans 

While these operations were in progress along the upper 
Mississippi, the Union Navy was busy clearing the lower 
part of the river. A great fleet under Admiral Farragut 
attacked the forts guarding New Orleans. Unable to re- 
duce these forts, Farragut decided to run past them. This 
he accomplished under a tremendous fire; and then met and 
sunk the fleet which had been waiting above the forts. New 
Orleans capitulated (April 25), and the forts below the city 
were then forced to surrender. 



THE MONITOR AND MERRIMAC 217 

415 — Mississippi River 

Farragut sailed up the river captured Baton Rouge and 
Natchez, and, running past the batteries at Vicksburg, 
joined the Union forces above. 

The Confederates now held but two points on the great 
river, Vicksburg and Port Hudson. These, however, were 
of great importance because the Red River entered the 
Mississippi between them. On this river supplies of all 
kinds could be brought to the Confederacy from Texas and 
Arkansas. 

416— "Merrimac" and "Monitor" 

The steam frigate '"Merrimac" had been sunk at Norfolk, 
by the Union officers, to prevent its falling into the Confed- 
erates' hands when that navy yard was taken. The Con- 
federates raised the vessel and named her ''Virginia." 
They cut her down until her deck was only slightly above 
the water line and added an iron prow or rarn. On the deck 
was built a slanting shed of railroad iron, with portholes for 
guns. 

417— "Cumberland" Sunk 

The Union fleet of wooden vessels lay in Hampton 
Roads, and on March 8th, the new iron-clad sailed down to 
attack them. The ''Merrimac" steered directly for the 
''Cumberland." The terrific broadsides from the Union 
ship rattled harmlessly off the iron armor of the " Merrimac," 
which continued on her way and rammed a great hole in the 
side of the "Cumberland." The "Congress" was then run 
ashore to escape sinking, but the "Merrimac" took up a 
position astern and rained shot into her until she surren- 
dered. Then the Confederate ship withdrew to Norfolk. 
It was a good day's work and the next day the rest of the 
Union fleet could be destroyed. 



218 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



418— The "Monitor" Arrives 

That night a curious looking vessel arrived in the Roads. 
It was the ''Monitor" called by many ''the Yankee cheese- 
box on a raft." Built by Captain Ericson, in New York, 
the "Monitor" was a small ship whose iron clad deck was 
raised but a few inches above the water line. A round iron 
turret, containing two large guns, was built on the deck. 
It could be revolved by machinery, allowing the guns to 
fii'e in any direction. 




The "Monitor" and "Merrimac" 

419— The Battle 

On the morning of March 9 the "Merrimac" came down 
to finish her work. But the little "Monitor" steamed out to 
meet her and sent two monster cannon balls smashing against 
the Confederate's side. Then commenced the battle of the 
iron-clads, the first in the history of the world. For four 
hours the two ships smashed away at one another often with 
side touching side. Five times the "Merrimac' ' tried to ram 



ROBERT E. LEE. 219 

the little Yankee but without success. Finally, unable to 
conquer her small opponent the ''Merrimac" withdrew to 
Norfolk. 

420 — Effect 

It may be truly said this battle saved the Union. Had 
the '^Monitor'^ not appeared on the scene it is probable that 
the "Merrimac," and others of her kind, would have opened 
up the blockade; sailed up the Potomac and held Wash- 
ington at their mercy; destroyed the fleet; and perhaps 
secured the aid and intervention of foreign nations. 

CHAPTER LVIII 

LEE. McCLELLAN. EMANCIPATION 
PROCLAMATION 

421— Operations in the East 

While these important events were occurring, the main 
armies in the east were preparmg for action. General Mc- 
Clellan, in command of the Army of the Potomac, landed on 
the peninsula between the York and James rivers, and 
started in the du-ection of Richmond. The Confederates 
assailed him at every step. A month was lost besieging 
Yorktown, and then, at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks, the 
Confederates withdrew only after inflicting great damage on 
McClellan. 

422— Robert E. Lee 

At Fair Oaks, General Robert E. Lee took command of the 
Confederates. Lee was the son of ''Light Horse Harry" 
Lee, of Revolutionary fame. His wife was a descendant of 
Martha Washington. He himself was a graduate of West 
Pomt and at the opening of the war was offered the com- 
mand of the Union armies. This he sadly declined, feeling 



220 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



it his duty to go with his native state. Lee was a man of 
noble character and unblemished reputation. 



423 — Peninsular Cam- 
paign Fails 
McClellan was now 
meeting with great diffi- 
culties. The streams 
were much swollen and 
transportation was, diffi- 
cult. McClellan though 
within sight of Rich- 
mond, was forced to with- 
draw to the River James. 
He defeated the Con- 
federates at Malvern 
Hill, but it was an empty 
victory and the Peninsula 
campaign was a failure. 




Robert E. Lee 



424 — Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run 

The gloom in the North was deep, and Lincoln issued a 
call for three hundred thousand more volunteers. Lee and 
Jackson fell on the Union forces under Pope, which were then 
protecting Washington, and defeated them at Cedar Moun- 
tain. McClellan was ordered up with reinforcements, and 
the combined armies under Pope were again defeated at the 
second Battle of Bull Run (Aug. 30, 1862). 

425 — Invasion of the North. Antietam 

Stonewall Jackson hurried off with a force and captured 
Harpers Ferry, with immense stores and many prisoners. 
Lee crossed the Potomac into Maryland at a point a con- 
siderable distance north of Washington. McClellan, again 



FREDERICKSBURG 



221 



in command, hurried after him and gave battle at Antietam 
Creek. Each side lost about twelve thousand men but Lee 
was forced back over the Potomac into Virginia. Thus 
failed the first invasion of the North. 




The bridge at Antietam 



426 — Battle of Fredericksburg 

McClellan did not pursue Lee and the government took 
away his command. General Burnside replaced him and 
crossing the Rappahannock engaged the enemy at Fred- 
ericksburg. 

The Confederates were entrenched on a hill. Their posi- 
tion was too strong to be taken, but Burnside ordered a 
charge. The Union army swept up the heights only to be 
torn to pieces by shot and shell. Six times the gallant 
'' Irish Brigade," under General Meagher, rushed to the front 
up Marye's Heights, only to be driven back by a withering 
storm of shot. The Union forces lost 12,000 men and were 
forced back across the Rappahannock (Dec. 13) . 



222 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

427 — Emancipation Proclamation 

In the fall of 1862, Lincoln decided to take measures to 
free the slaves. This had been far from his intention when 
the war started, but circumstances changed his mind. The 
slaves were forced to work the farms and plantations of the 
South, leaving their masters free to fight at the front. To 
free the slaves therefore would be a severe blow to the Con- 
federacy. 

Besides, England seemed to be seriously thinking of 
recognizing the Confederacy as a nation. If Lincoln 
freed the slaves, it was not likely England would do 
this, as public opinion there would not permit anything 
being done to aid slavery. So, in September, 1862, Lin- 
coln issued a proclamation declaring that all slaves would 
be free or emancipated, in any territory which, on Jan- 
uary 1, 1863, should still be in rebellion against the 
government. 

428 — luka and Corinth 

The final days of the year 1862 saw the Union army under 
Rosecrans defeat the Confederates at luka and Corinth, in 
Tennessee. The year closed with a fierce battle at Mur- 
freesboro, Tenn., where Rosecrans and Sheridan, com- 
manding the Union forces, defeated the Confederates under 
Bragg. 

429 — Events of Second Year of War 

The principal events of the second year of the war were: 
The defeat of the Union army's two attempts against 
Richmond, under McClellan in the Peninsula campaign, 
and under Burnside at Fredericksburg. 

The failure of Lee's invasion of the North at Antietam. 

The occupation of Kentucky and Tennessee by the Union 
troops. 



CHANCELLORSVILLE 223 

The capture by Union forces of New Orleans, and all the 
other Mississippi forts, except Vicksburg and Port Hudson. 
The defeat of the " Merrimac " by the '' Monitor." 



CHAPTER LIX 
CHANCELLORSVILLE. GETTYSBURG. VICKSBURG. 

430— The War in 1863 

When the first of the year arrived, no Southern States had 
returned to the Union, so Lincoln's Emancipation Proclama- 
tion became effective. Wherever the Union forces were in 
control, the slaves were freed; many of them were formed 
into regiments to fight their former masters. 

During this year the main events of the war may be di- 
vided into fighting in the East, in the West, and in the 
Center. 

431 — The Eastern Campaign 

During the five months after Fredericksburg the Union 
army, under ''Fighting Joe" Hooker, had been increased to 
one hundred and thu*ty thousand men, well armed and 
trained. General Lee, too, had not been idle, and his sixty 
thousand men were eager for the fight. They were well 
entrenched on the heights of Fredericksburg and Hooker 
did not dare attack him there. He moved up to Rappahan- 
nock and crossed over at Chancellorsville. 

432 — Battle of Chancellorsville 

Lee left his entrenchments to give him battle. Though 
his army was much the smaller, Lee did not hesitate to di- 
vide it. While the battle was in full swing "Stonewall" 
Jackson, with a part of Lee's army, suddenly appeared on the 
flank of the Union forces and threw them into confusion. 



224 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



They were forced back across the river with a loss of seven- 
teen thousand men (May 2, 1863). 

433 — Death of Stonewall Jackson 
This terrible defeat of the North was due to the splendid 

leadership of Lee and Jackson. But the South was to profit 

by the skill of Jack- 
son no longer. He 
was shot, in mistake, 
by a detachment of 
his own men during 
this battle, and died 
a short time after- 
ward. 

434 — Gettysburg 

Wasting no time, 
Lee now carried the 
war a second time 
into the north, invad- 
ing Pennsylvania. 
The Union forces 
were hastily gathered 
together under Gen- 
eral Meade to op- 
pose him. 

The armies met at Gettysburg a small town in Pennsyl- 
vania, near the Maryland border. Here a valley rose to 
a ridge on each side. The eastern called Cemetery 
Ridge was occupied by the Union forces and the west- 
ern, or Seminary Ridge by the Confederates. For three 
days the armies fought the greatest battle of the war. 
The advantage was slight on either side during the first 
two days. 




Gen. T. J. ("Stonewall") Jackson 



GETTYSBURG 



225 




Close quarters at Gettysburg 



435^ — Pickett's Charge 

Finally, about mid-day of the third day, Lee decided to 
stake all on one great effort. For an hour his one hundred 
and thirty cannon rained shot and shell on the Union lines; 
then Pickett's Brig- 
ade, the flower of 
Lee's army, was 
ordered forward. 
Across the valley 
they charged, 17,000 
strong, in a line a 
mile in length. Can- 
non shot and musket 
balls tore their 
ranks, but they 
never faltered. Up 
the sides of Ceme- 
tery Ridge and even to the breastworks of the North- 
erners they carried their flags. 

436 — Union Victory 

It was ''the high tide of the Confederacy." But no 
human force could withstand the fire of the Union troops; 
torn and shattered the brave Southerners were hurled back. 

Lee withdrew across the Potomac and another crisis of 
the Republic had been passed. Fifty thousand Americans, 
from North and South, were numbered among the killed, 
wounded, missing, and captured of this battle. 

437 — Operations in the West 

On July 4, the day after the victory at Gettysburg, an- 
other severe blow was dealt to the Confederacy by the fall of 
Vicksburg. This fortress was thought capable of with- 
standing any attack. However, General Grant devised a 



226 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



plan to take it. He crossed the Mississippi River to the 
west bank and marched down to a point below the fortress, 
fighting the Confederates five times on the way. Then the 
Union gunboats ran past the batteries at Vicksburg and 
ferried Grant across to the east side again. Again defeating 
a force that had come from the east to help the city, Grant 
commenced siege operations. 




THE SIEGE OF VICKSBURG 
Notice the bomb proofs in which the soldiers rest 

438 — Siege and Surrender 

For six weeks he hammered away bombarding, and ex- 
ploding mines under the Confederates. On July 4, the garri- 
son surrendered. Then Port Hudson capitulated to Gen- 
eral Banks, and the Mississippi River was entirely under the 
control of the Union. 

The effect of this was very harmful to the South. It 
entirely cut off the vast supplies of Texas, Arkansas, and 
Louisiana from the Confederacy. 



REVIEW 227 

IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION XI 

1. Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President, took office 
March 4th, 1861 . On April 12th, Fort Sumter in Charleston, 
S. C, harbor, was fired on by the Confederates. 

2. All thought of peace was put aside, and Lincoln called 
for volunteers. Virgmia, North Carolma, Arkansas and 
Tennessee joined the Confederacy. The border states 
remained loyal to the Union. 

3. In the great struggle the North had the advantage of 
more men, more money and greater supplies. The South 
had the advantage of fighting at home, of being accustomed 
to arms, and, at the beginning, of being better led. 

4. An invasion of the South and the capture of the Con- 
federate Capital, Richmond, was prevented by the defeat of 
the Union troops at Bull Run. A blockade of Southern ports 
by Union Men-of-war was estabUshed (1862). 

5. Gen. U. S. Grant was first heard of in the war, when 
his troops captured Fort Donelson in Tennessee (1862) and 
gained a victory at Shiloh. 

6. The Union Navy, under Farragut, took New Orleans, 
and opened up most of the Mississippi River. The "Monitor'' 
drove off the Confederate iron-clad "Merrimac," and saved 
the Union fleet in Hampton Roads. 

7. In the East the Union forces under McClellan were de- 
feated in the Peninsular Campaign. Gen. Lee the Con- 
federate leader then invaded the North but was in turn 
defeated by McClellan at Antietam. The Union troops 
received a terrible defeat at Fredericksburg. 

8. Toward the close of 1862 Lincohi issued the Emanci- 
pation Proclamation, freeing the slaves. 

9. In May, 1863, Lee gave the Union army a severe 
beatmg at Chancellorsville, and then again invaded the 
North. A Federal army, under Gen. Meade, gave battle at 
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. For three days the most terri- 
ble engagement of the war was fought (July 1,2, and 3, 1863) 
and then Lee retired into Virginia. 

10. On the day after Gettysburg the forts at Vicksburg, 
which commanded the Mississippi River, surrendered to 
Gen. Grant. These victories marked the decisive period of 
the war. From that time the Union was safe. 



SECTION XII 



END OF WAR — RECONSTRUCTION 



CHAPTER LX 
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. EVENTS OF FOURTH YEAR 

439 — Operations in Center 

After Murfreesboro, Bragg (Confederate) held Chatta- 
nooga until Rosecrans (Union) marched against him in the 
summer. Bragg left the city, but, being reinforced, gave 
battle on the little stream called the Chickamauga. The 
Confederates won a bloody battle, but would have achieved 
a much greater victory but for the stubborn defense of 
General Thomas. He commanded the left wing of the 
Union army and refused to give way against the fierce 
charges of the Confederates. For this he earned the title 
of the ''Rock of Chickamauga." Rosecrans withdrew to 
Chattanooga, where he was besieged by Bragg, and his sup- 
plies were cut off. Sherman, Hooker, and Grant now hur- 
ried to Rosecrans' s aid and Grant took command. 

440— The Battle Above the Clouds 

On November 24th Hooker's wing gave battle to the 
Confederates, who were entrenched on Lookout Mountain. 
Up the heights the Union forces charged, gaining the high 
ground where they were expected to stop, but did not. 
Up and up they swept, through a mist that had settled about 
the top, driving the Confederates before them in this fa- 
mous ''battle above the clouds." The next day Missionary 

228 



EVENTS OF FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR 229 

Ridge (so called from a former Catholic Indian School) was 
carried and Bragg was thrown back into Georgia, Sherman 
pursuing him. 




Missionary Ridge 

441 — Lincoln's Gettysburg Address 

A national cemetery was planned for the battlefield of 
Gettysburg. It was to be a resting place of the dead heroes 
of the war, and was dedicated on Nov. 19, 1863. On this 
occasion President Lincoln delivered his famous address. 
It closed with these words of the hope, which was always so 
close to Lincoln's heart, ''that the government of the people, 
for the people, and by the people, shall not perish from the 
earth." 

442— Events of Third Year of the War 

Important events of the third year of the war were: 

The Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves; 

The failure of the third attempt against Richmond, in 
the defeat of Hooker at Chancellorsville; 

The failure of Lee's final invasion of the North, in the great 
battle of Gettysburg; 

The defeat by Grant of the Confederates in Tennessee, 
after they had gained Chickamauga; 



230 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

The cutting off of the western portion of the Confederacy 
by the capture of Mississippi River, after the fall of Vicksburg 
and Port Hudson. 



CHAPTER LXI 
THE WAR IN 1864 

443— The War in 1864 

There were but two large Confederate armies left. Lee 
commanded one in Virginia, and General J. E. Johnston, 
who had relieved Bragg of his army, had control of the 
other in Georgia. Grant was appointed Lieutenant-Gen- 
eral in command of all the Union armies, and Sherman was 
placed at the head of the army of the Tennessee. It was 
the plan of Grant that he and Sherman should act at the 
same time, and so keep the Confederates from joining forces. 

444 — Sherman's Campaign 

Let us first follow Sherman, whose object was to gain the 
city of Atlanta. Johnston fell back slowly before Sherman; 
fighting him where possible, but never risking his whole 
army, which he finally withdrew into Atlanta. Jefferson 
Davis, not satisfied with this policy of Johnston's, put 
General Hood in his place. Hood attacked Sherman and 
was defeated. 

445 — Atlanta Captured 

Instead of laying siege to Atlanta, Sherman marched 
around it and cut off its supplies. Hood was forced to with- 
draw, and Atlanta fell into Sherman's hands and was burned. 
Hood marched on Tennessee hoping to entice Sherman 
after him. Sherman refused to follow believing General 
Thomas could take care of Hood. Hood besieged General 



THE WAR IN 1864 



231 



Thomas at Nashville. After two weeks Thomas came out 
of the city and, in a terrible two days' battle, crushed the 
Confederates and dispersed their army. 




Destroying a railroad on the "March to the Sea" 



446 — March to the Sea 

Sherman continued his march to the sea, destroying all 
he came upon. He felt that the war must be finished, and 
that only the most ruthless measures would effect this. A 
great path, sixty miles wide, was devastated. Finally 
Sherman appeared before Savannah and shortly before 
Christmas, 1864, captured that city with its enormous 
stores of cotton and supplies. 

447 — Grant's Campaign 

The army of the Potomac, under Grant, had meanwhile 
been fighting a series of terrific battles with the Confederates 
under Lee. After Grant crossed the Rapidan the first 



232 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

conflicts took place in a section of country covered with 
scrub oak and pine trees, called the Wilderness. For six 
weeks, battle following battle, the two armies faced each 
ether in this desolate region. Unable to penetrate Lee's 

front. Grant gradually 
worked his army around 
to the left, with the in- 
tention of besieging 
Petersburg and Rich- 
mond. 

448 — Great Losses 

At the Wilderness, 
Spottsylvania Court 
House, and Cold Harbor, 
Grant lost fifty thou- 
sand men. Feeling ran 
high against him in the 
North, and he was ac- 
cused of being a butcher 
of his troops. But he, 
too, realized that the end 
must be brought about, 
even at frightful cost. 

449— The Shenandoah 
Valley 

Lee thought to draw off Grant by threatening Washing- 
ton. He sent a force of twenty thousand cavalry under 
General Early in the direction of the Capital. Sheridan was 
sent out to attack him. They met in the Shenandoah 
Valley at Winchester (Sept. 19), and Early was defeated. 
Sheridan thought he was finished for good and started for 
Washington. Early took advantage of a thick fog and 




Ulysses S. Grant 



PRIVATEERS 



233 



fell on the Union forces at Cedar Creek and put them 
to rout. 

450— Sheridan's Ride 

Sheridan hearing the sound of firing, mounted his horse, 
and set out on the thirteen mile ride from Winchester to the 
front. He met his flee- 
ing troops on the way, 
and rallied them with 
the cry, ''Face the other 
way boys; we are going 
back.'' In a short time 
the broken regiments 
were reformed and, at- 
tacking the Confeder- 
ates, drove them back 
with great slaughter. 
Sheridan then proceeded 
to clean up the Shenan- 
doah Valley, burning and 
destroying all supplies, 
until it came to be said 

''if a crow flies down the General Philip H. Sheridan 

Shenandoah it must take its own provisions with it." 

451 — Confederate Privateers 

The Confederacy was not able to build any large sea going 
warships. They had no shipyards nor any materials to build 
with. However, their government commissioned and offi- 
cered several privateers. Several of these were built in Eng- 
land and created great havoc amongst the Union shipping, 
virtually driving it from the seas. England had no right to 
build these ships and later on was compelled to pay heavily 
for having done so. 




234 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



452— "Alabama" and "Kearsarge" 

The most famous of these ships was the ''Alabama," com- 
manded by Captain Semmes. This vessel alone did an 
enormous amount of damage on the Atlantic. In June, 1864, 
the U. S. S. "Kearsarge" met the ''Alabama" in the har- 
bor of Cherbourg, France, Semmes challenged Captain Win- 

slow of the 
Kearsarge to 
fight. The ves- 
sels met outside 
the harbor. Win- 
slow protected 
the Kearsarge 
by hanging an- 
chor chains over 
her sides, and 
after a fierce 
fight the "Ala- 
bama" was sent 
to the bottom. 



453— Mobile 

In August 
Admiral Farra- 
gut again led the 
fleet to a notable 
victory. He sta- 
tioned himself in 
the rigging of 
fleet of wooden 




Farragut in the rigging of the "Hartford 



his flagship "Hartford" and, with a 
ships, and some monitors, ran past the forts at Mo- 
bile and captured the city. The forts were then 
forced to capitulate, and the last Southern harbor was 
closed. 



CLOSE OF THE WAR 235 

454— Events of Fourth Year 

The principal results of the fourth year of the war were: 

Grant, while defeated at the Wilderness and suffering great 
loss of troops, was drawing close about Richmond. This 
capital still held out however and Lee still commanded a 
splendid army. 

Sherman completed his march to the sea, burned Atlanta 
and took Savannah. 

Hood's army was completely destroyed by Thomas. 

The "Kearsarge" had sunk the ''Alabama" and Farragut 
had taken Mobile. 

In November, 1864, President Lincoln was re-elected. 
His opponent was General McClellan. 

CHAPTER LXII 
CLOSE OF THE WAR. DEATH OF LINCOLN 

455— The War in 1865 

The South was nearly exhausted now, and the end was 
approaching. Sherman started north with his magnificent 
army of veterans, and once more defeated Johnston, who 
tried to block his way. Lee's only chance lay in effecting a 
junction with Johnston, but Sheridan put an end to this hope 
by his victory at Five Forks. The Confederates abandoned 
Petersburg, and their government fled from Richmond. 
Grant occupied these cities and drove Lee westward. 

456 — Appomattox. Lee's Surrender 

Sheridan planted his troops across the Confederates ' front, 
and then Lee saw the hopelessness of his position. On Sept. 
9, at Appomattox Court House, he surrendered his army 
to General Grant. The Southerners were starving, and 
twenty-five thousand Union rations were issued to them. 



236 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

The terms of surrender were very mild. Grant permitted 
his old enemies to keep their horses — ''They will need them 
for the spring plowing, " he said. 

Two weeks later Johnston surrendered to Sherman, and, 
on May 10th, Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia. The 
Civil War was over, and great was the rejoicing throughout 
the North. 

457— Effects 

The loss of the war in treasure and in lives was enormous. 
Three quarters of a million men were killed and at the end 
the Union owed three billion dollars. The South also owed 
a tremendous sum, which was never paid. 

But two glorious results had been effected by this sacrifice. 
Slavery was forever abolished, and the Union of the States 
made permanent for all time. And this result has been ac- 
complished not alone in law, but in men's hearts as well, for 
to-day there is no more loyal section of the Union than the 
states of the old Confederacy. 

458 — Death of Lincoln 

The great man who had, with such foresight and perse- 
verance, piloted the Union through its years of stress, was 
destined to be one of the last to lay down his life in its be- 
half. On April 14, the President attended Ford's theatre in 
Washington, occupying a box. An assassin entered the box 
behind him and shot him through the head. The murderer 
leaped upon the stage shouting ''Sic semper tyrannis" 
(Thus always to tyrants). As he did so his spur caught in 
an American flag and he fell, breaking his leg. He managed 
to mount his horse and escape but was tracked and shot 
down in a barn. 

The assassin was an actor named John Wilkes Booth, 
and was one of a band of conspirators who also attempted 



ANDREW JOHNSON, SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT 237 

to kill Secretary Seward. President Lincoln never regained 
consciousness and died the following morning. 

459— Catholics in the Civil War 

Catholic men and women played a patriotic and honor- 
able part in the Civil War. General Sheridan was only 
better known than were Rosecrans, Kearney, Meagher and 
a host of other Catholic officers; and the number of Catholics 
in the ranks was legion. No troops behaved with greater 
bravery than the famous ''Irish Brigade"; and whether on 
battlefield or in hospital, all, Protestant and Catholic alike, 
testified to the unselfish courage and patriotic devotion of 
the Catholic nuns. 



CHAPTER LXIII 
ANDREW JOHNSON, SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT 

460 — ^Johnson's Administration (1865-69) 

Upon the death of President Lincoln, Andrew John- 
son, the Vice President, at once became President. 
Under him the work of reconstruction in the South com- 
menced. The South was in a pitiable condition after the 
war. Her bravest sons had 
given up their lives, her lands 
had been devastated, and her 
people were plunged into debt. 
Railroads were destroyed, and 
even the mail service had 
been abandoned. There was 
no government, and the one 
man in the North who could 
help most had been assassi- 
nated. The new President, 
Johnson, did not have the Andrew Johnson 




238 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

influence over Congress that Lincoln had; his plans for re- 
construction were set aside by that body, and long years of 
trouble for the South ensued. 

461 — Thirteenth Amendment 

This amendment was put before the states early in 1865, 
and was ratified in the latter part of that year. In order to 
get the necessary number of states to ratify the amendment, 
Nevada was admitted to the Union, in 1864. The Thir- 
teenth Amendment abolished slavery throughout the coun- 
try. The Emancipation Proclamation was simply a war 
measure, issued by the President as Commander-in-Chief of 
the army. It freed slaves only in the territory controlled by 
the Confederacy. The Thirteenth Amendment legalized the 
Emancipation Proclamation, and freed the slaves through- 
out all the rest of the land. 

462 — President and Congress 

When Congress convened, it decided against the Recon- 
struction ideas of President Johnson. It was not willing, 
as Johnson was, to trust the Southern leaders to treat the 
negroes fairly. So several laws were passed giving the ne- 
gro rights as citizens. These laws were then embodied in 
another amendment to the Constitution. 

463 — The Fourteenth Amendment 

This Amendment gave the negro rights of citizenship, 
and cut down the representation in Congress of any state 
refusing him the right to vote. 

464 — Fifteenth Amendment 

A few years later the Fifteenth Amendment granted to 
all the right to vote without regard to ''race, creed, color, or 
previous condition of servitude.'' This settled finally the 
right of the negro to vote. 



ANDREW JOHNSON, SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT 239 

465 — Ironclad Oath. Carpet Baggers 

The best citizens of the South were disquaUfied from vot- 
ing by the oath required by Congress. This ''ironclad 
oath, " so called, could be taken only by those who had not 
participated in the war in any way. And these were very 
few indeed. Many unprincipled men from the North, 
called ''carpet baggers,''* got themselves elected to office, 
with the help of the ignorant negroes. Many of these poli- 
ticians despoiled the South, and added much to the misery of 
that unhappy section. 

466 — Congress Passes New Laws 

A bitter struggle between President Johnson and Con- 
gress soon developed. Congress passed laws over the veto 
of the President. The President removed Secretary of War 
Stanton, whom he cordially disliked. Congress claimed it 
was against the law to do this, without the consent of the 
Senate. The President refused to restore Stanton. 

467 — Impeachment 

So Congress impeached the President. He was brought 
before the Senate charged with "high crimes and misde- 
meanors.'' Had he been found guilty, he would have been 
removed from office. After a trial of two months Johnson 
was acquitted by a majority of one vote (May, 1868). 

468— Full Pardon 

On Christmas Day, 1868, full pardon and amnesty was 
granted to all those who had taken part in the war. 

469 — Mexico and Maximillian 

While the states of the Union were at war, England, 

* Because most of them went to the South with but little more 
than a carpet-bagful of clothes. 



240 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



France, and Spain sent troops to Mexico to collect debts due 
from that country. England and Spain withdrew, but the 
Emperor Napoleon III, of France, contrived to make the 
Archduke Maximillian of Austria, Emperor of Mexico. 
When the Civil War was over, the United States protested 
that this foreign interference was contrary to the Monroe 
Doctrine. We demanded the withdrawal of the French 
soldiers, by whose aid Maximillian had gained the throne. 
Upon their withdrawal the Mexicans captured and shot the 
unfortunate Maximillian (June, 1867). 




ALASKA NOT ALL SNOW AND ICE 
A potato field in that country 



470— Alaska 

During the time of Reconstruction the country advanced 
much in population, wealth, and manufactures. A large 
territorial expansion was also made. In 1867, the peninsula 
of Alaska was purchased from the Russian government. 



ANDREW JOHNSON, SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT 241 

The price was $7,200,000 for this region which is three 
times as large as France. It was at that time valued most 
for its furs and fisheries. In 1897, however, gold was dis- 
covered, and a rush of miners ensued. Coal has also been 
discovered in quantities, and the Territory of Alaska is now 
a valuable part of the country.* 
Nebraska became a state in 1867. 




The Great Eastern laying the Atlantic Cable 



471— Atlantic Cable 

The telegraph had worked such wonders on land that 
people long desired to stretch a cable under the ocean. 
Cyrus Field, of New York, was the leader of this project. 

* It is said that the wonderful resources of this country were first 
brought to the attention of Secretary Seward, in 1860, by a Jesuit 
priest who had labored in Alaska. 



242 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

A cable was actually completed in 1858, and messages were 
sent, but the cable soon broke. Field kept at his project 
and another cable was laid in 1865, but it, too, parted in mid- 
ocean. Then the ''Great Eastern," which until recent 
years was the largest ship ever built, succeeded in laying a 
cable which worked. Later it was found possible to pick 
up and splice the ends of the old cable. Since then many 
cables have been laid connecting all parts of the world by 
wire. In 1903, a line was completed from San Francisco to 
the Philippines, and a message sent around the world in 
twelve minutes. 



CHAPTER LXIV 
ULYSSES S. GRANT, EIGHTEENTH PRESIDENT 

472— Grant's Administration (1869-77) 

General U. S. Grant was nominated for President by the 
Republicans, in 1867, and carried the election. 

During the decade from 1860-70, while the Civil War was 
being fought, the population of the country increased seven 
millions. In 1870 it was over thirty-eight millions in all. 

The value of manufacturing establishments almost dou- 
bled during the same time. 

It is well to remember that while the South was cut off 
from the outside world by the Union Army and Navy, the 
North continued to increase in population and wealth, much 
as if no war was in progress. 

473— Pacific Railroad 

For years a railroad had been building, which was to 
cross the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains and connect 
the Pacific Coast with the rest of the Union. This Pacific 
Railroad was completed during the first year of Grant's 



ULYSSES S. GRANT, EIGHTEENTH PRESIDENT 243 

administration. The line had been building from east and 
west, and the two divisions finally met at a point in Nevada, 
where a golden spike was driven to complete the road. 




Modern railroad building in the West 

474— Fires 

A gi'eat fire raged for two days in the city of Chicago, in 
1871. One hundred thousand people were made homeless, 
and tremendous damage to property was done. The follow- 
ing year a very disastrous fire took place in Boston. 

475— "Alabama" Claims 

The damage done by the Confederate privateer "Ala- 
bama," and other privateers, was suffered by private owners 
who made claims upon the British government for their 



244 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

losses. They argued that as the ships had been built and 
manned in England, that government was responsible for 
their acts. England refused to entertain their claims. 

476 — Arbitration. Grant Reelected 

President Grant made the matter a national one by re- 
questing Congress to pass a bill enabling him to pay those 
who had suffered. England, seeing she would have to deal 
with the government instead of individuals, agreed to arbi- 
trate the matter. A commission sitting at Geneva gave the 
United States $15,500,000 damages. Thus what might 
have been a cause of war was peacefully settled by arbitra- 
tion. 

In 1872, General Grant was elected President for a second 
term. 

477— Panic of 1873 

A great wave of speculation swept over the country after 
the Civil War. Many railroads were built, and enterprises 
were started all over the country. The failure of a well 
known banking firm brought on a financial panic, in 1873. 
For six years the business depression lasted. Money was 
scarce, employment was hard to obtain and much hardship 
ensued. 

478 — First American Cardinal 

In 1875, His Holiness, Pope Pius IX, appointed Archbishop 
McClosky, of New York, the first American Cardinal. 

479— Centennial of 1876 

Notwithstanding the hard times the one hundredth anni- 
versary of the Declaration of Independence was splendidly 
celebrated, in 1876, by an international exhibition, held in 
Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Grand and beautiful build- 



ULYSSES S. GRANT, EIGHTEENTH PRESIDENT 245 

ings were built and products of all the states and of many 
nations were exhibited. 

480 — Custer Massacre 

Trouble with the Indians was more or less continuous 
during the twelve years, following 1865. This was largely 
the fault of the white man. In the words of General Grant's 
Commission, which was appointed to look into the trouble: 
''The history of the government's connections with the 
Indians is a shameful record of broken treaties and unfulfilled 
promises." 

During 1876, General Custer, and a detachment of his 
troops, were cut off by a band of Sioux Indians, led by the 
chief Sitting Bull, and massacred to the last man. 

481— The Telephone. Colorado Admitted 

During the Centennial Exposition a curious instrument 
was shown for the first time in public. By means of it the 




The telephone from coast to coast 



246 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

human voice was carried over a wire. This ''telephone" 
had been invented, in 1875, by Alexander Graham Bell, but 
even at the Exposition many learned men ridiculed it and 
called it a toy. To-day it is possible to talk on the tele- 
phone from New York to San Francisco, and millions of the 
instruments add to our home convenience and business 
advantage. 

Colorado, admitted in 1876, is called the "Centennial 
State." 

CHAPTER LXV 

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, NINETEENTH 
PRESIDENT 

482— Electoral Troubles 

The Democratic nominee for President, in 1876, was 
Samuel J. Tilden, of New York. The Republicans nomin- 
ated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. After the election it was 
found that if the votes of the three Southern states, Louisi- 
ana, South Carolina, and Florida, were counted for Tilden, 
he would win. He seemed to have carried these states by a 
large majority. The Republicans claimed, however, that the 
elections in these states had been unfairly held. 

483 — Electoral Commission 

Excitement ran high, and matters looked serious. The 
dispute, however, was finally laid before an Electoral Com- 
mission, composed of five Senators, five Congressmen, and 
five Judges of the Supreme Court. Eight of these men were 
Republicans and seven Democrats. By a strictly party 
vote they declared Hayes elected. 

484— Hayes's Administration (1877-81) 
Hayes took office, in 1877, and soon after withdrew the 



RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, NINETEENTH PRESIDENT 247 

United States troops from the South. The ''carpet bag- 
gers" and theu- corrupt governments were then soon ousted 
and the people took hold of their own affairs. A much 
better feeling grew up between the sections. 

485 — Railroad Riots 

During the summer of 1877, a strike for higher wages, was 
called on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The strikers 
attempted to stop the trains from running, and much rioting 
followed. State militia and even United States regular 
troops were called to quell the trouble. In Chicago, and 
Pittsburg, and m the mining regions, many were killed and 
wounded ; the regular troops finally restored order. Though 
millions were lost in property and wages, the strike was not 
successful. 

486— Yellow Fever in South 

A scourge of yellow fever broke out in the South, during 
1878 and 1879. Hundreds of people died and in some places 
busmess was entirely halted. The North responded nobly 
to the appeal for money and necessaries and sent volunteers 
for nursing. This kindly sympathy added to the feeling 
of re-union which was growing stronger between the sections 



248 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION XII 

1. In 1864, Gen. W. T. Sherman, captured Atlanta, 
Georgia, and then moved along a broad path to the sea- 
coast, capturing Savannah. The country through which 
the army moved was swept bare of supplies, and everything 
useful to the enemy was destroyed. 

2. Gen. Lee was opposed by Gen. Grant, who had been 
placed in command of all the Union forces. A series of 
bloody battles took place at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania 
Court House, and Cold Harbor while Grant steadily forced 
his way toward Richmond. Lee sought to draw off Grant 
by threatening Washington, but the Confederates were 
badly beaten, in the Shenandoah Valley, by Gen. Philip 
Sheridan. 

3. During 1864, the ''Alabama," a Confederate privateer 
built in England, and which had done great damage to 
Union shipping, was sunk by the U. S. S. "Kearsarge." Ad- 
miral Farragut and a fleet of ships captured Mobile, the last 
open port in the South. 

4. In 1865, Lee made a futile effort to join Johnston. 
Grant barred the way and Lee was forced to surrender at 
Appomattox Court House, April 19, 1865. The other Con- 
federate forces followed and the war was over. 

5. The tremendous sacrifices of the Civil War brought 
about two great results: slavery was abolished; and the 
Union of the States was made permanent. 

6. Abraham Lincoln was shot by an assassin, while at- 
tending a theatre on the night of April 14, 1865. He died 
the following day and was succeeded by Andrew Johnson, 
the seventeenth President. 



REVIEW 249 

7. The years following the war were full of trouble for the 
Southern States. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fif- 
teenth Amendments to the Constitution were adopted, giving 
the rights of citizenship to the former slaves. Politicians 
from the North gained control in many places, while the 
best people were not allowed to vote, because they had 
taken part in the war. 

8. Congress and President Johnson were in continual 
dispute over the reconstruction of the South and the Presi- 
dent was finally Impeached. Upon trial he was acquitted 
by one vote. 

9. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant became the eighteenth Presi- 
dent, in 1869. During his term a railroad across the con- 
tinent to the Pacific Coast, was completed. Claims against 
England growing out of the damage done by the ''Alabama" 
were arbitrated. Archbishop McClosky of New York was 
appointed the first American Cardinal. One hundred years 
of American independence was celebrated by an Exposition 
at Philadelphia. 

10. Rutherford B. Hayes was elected nineteenth Presi- 
dent, after a contest with Samuel J. Tilden, which was finally 
decided by an Electoral Commission. Hayes withdrew the 
last troops from the South and a better feeling grew up 
between the sections. 



BIOGRAPHIES 



BIOGRAPfflES 

Lincoln 

Abraham Lincoln, our great war President, and one of 
the noblest figures in human history, was born in Hardin 
County, Ky., on February 12, 1809. His family moved 
to Illinois and there Lincoln began the practice of law, after a 
bitter struggle with poverty and lack of school education. 
Elected President, in 1860, by the Republican party, the 
party then opposed to slavery, eleven slave holding States 
withdrew from the Union and formed the Confederate States 
of America. A Civil War of great severity followed lasting 
from 1861 to 1865. During this most trying period of our 
history Lincoln guided the nation with marvelous skill and 
wisdom. He freed the slaves and at the close of the war 
had taken steps toward bringing the seceded states back 
into the Union. The pistol of an assassin cut short his life — 
a life invaluable to his country and his time. He was shot 
in Ford's Theatre, Washington, in April 1865 by John Wilkes 
Booth. The assassin was cornered in a barn and shot. 

Grant 

Ulysses Simpson Grant was bom at Point Pleasant, 
Ohio, April 27, 1822. When our Civil War began, he was 
employed in his brother's tanyard in Galena, Illinois. But 
he was a graduate of West Point Military Academy and had 
served with credit in our army through the Mexican War. 
After taking command of an Illinois regiment he rose rapidly 
in rank. Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landing, Corinth, 
Lookout Mountain, Vicksburg— these are the names of 

250 



BIOGRAPHIES 251 

victories he won. On March 12, 1864, he took command of 
the army of the Potomac, and in a Uttle over a year he had 
compelled the surrender of the Confederate army opposed 
to him. After two terms as President — 1869-1877 — he 
made a tour of the world and everywhere was received with 
high honors. He died at Mt. McGregor, New York, in 
1885. His remains, inclosed in a stone coffin, repose in a 
magnificent mausoleum in New York City on the east bank 
of the Hudson River. 

Sherman 

William Tecumseh Sherman, an eminent Union Gen- 
eral of our Civil War, was born in Lancaster, Ohio, Feb- 
ruary 8, 1820. Graduating from West Point, he entered 
the army but later on resigned. At the opening of the Civil 
War he was principal of a military academy in Louisiana 
and was offered many inducements to favor the Confederate 
cause. But he remained loyal to the Stars and Stripes, was 
commissioned colonel of the Thirteenth Infantry, and soon 
afterward was made brigadier general. He quickly won a 
high reputation for courage and military skill in battle. 
His famous march from Atlanta, Georgia, to the sea — a 
march the most remarkable so large an army ever under- 
took — gave the death stroke to the Confederacy south of the 
line held by Grant's army. After capturing Savannah, he 
turned northward and, on April 26, 1865, forced the last 
Confederate army to surrender in North Carolina. 

In March, 1869, he succeeded Grant as General-in-chief 
of the armies of the United States. He died in New York 
on February 14, 1891, having become a Catholic shortly 
before. One of his sons joined the Society of Jesus and 
became a priest. 

Sheridan 
Philip Henry Sheridan was one of the most distin- 



252 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

guished officers of the Union Army in the Civil War. He 
was born in Albany, New York, March 6, 1813, a Catholic, 
of Irish descent. After being graduated from West Point, 
he received a commission in the regular army. For success 
in battle he was made brigadier general and when Grant 
took command of the Army of the Potomac, he made Sheri- 
dan commander of cavalry. The latter promptly drove 
the Confederates out of the Shenandoah Valley. Some 
years after the war closed, he was raised by Congress to the 
highest military rank — general of the army, an office held 
before him only by Grant and Sherman. He died in 1888. 

Meagher 

Thomas Francis Meagher, the general commanding the 
famous Irish Brigade during our Civil War was born in 
Waterford, Ireland, August 3, 1823. Educated in the Jesuit 
college of Stoneyhurst, he joined the Young Ireland party — 
the party that wanted to free Ireland by force — and was 
arrested by the English government, and transported to 
Van Dieman's Land. Escaping he came to the United 
States in 1852. When war broke out, in 1861, he promptly 
took the Union side. In one of the great battles of the war, 
Chancellorsville, the key of the Confederate's position was 
a hill whose top was fortified by a stone wall. Behind the 
wall were strong divisions of Confederate soldiers. We 
know now that it was impossible to storm it, but the Irish 
Brigade was ordered to attempt the hopeless task. With 
Meagher at their head those heroic sons of Ireland pressed 
on to death, with the courage of a race that has won glory 
on a thousand battle fields. The Brigade was nearly anni- 
hilated, the last man that fell being only 17 yards from the 
muzzles of the Confederate cannon. In 1867, Meagher, then 
acting governor of Montana territory, accidentally fell from 
the deck of a steamboat on the Mission River and was 
drowned. His death was deeply lamented. 



SECTION XIII 



COMPLETE REUNION. INDUSTRIAL AND 
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION 



CHAPTER LXVI 

JAMES A. GARFIELD, TWENTIETH PRESIDENT 
CHESTER A. ARTHUR, TWENTY-FIRST PRESIDENT 

487— Garfield's Administration (1879) 

The presidential contest, in 1880, was between two civil 
war heroes — General James A. Garfield, Republican, and 
General Winfield Scott Hancock, 
Democrat. Garfield was elected, 
but the contest was bitter and 
exciting. 

Four months after taking of- ^^^ 

fice, the President was shot. A 
disappointed office seeker, named 
Charles J. Guiteau was the 
cowardly assassin. 

488— Death of Garfield 

President Garfield lay between 
life and death for nearly three 
months, while the whole nation 

prayed for his recovery. On the j^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ 

19th of September he passed 
away mourned by all. 

Vice President Chester Alan Arthur, of New York, was 
sworn in as President (1879-83). 

253 





254 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

489 — Chinese Exclusion 
The American laboring man demanded protection from 

cheap foreign competition. Chinese laborers, who are 

willing to live on a few cents a 
day, were coming into this coun- 
try in great numbers. They 
worked for small pay and took 
the jobs of American laborers. 
A law was passed, in 1882, pro- 
hibiting Chinese entering this 
country for a period of ten years. 
This has been continued to the 
present time. 

490 — Alien Contract Labor 

Another scheme to get cheap 

Chester A. Arthur ^^^^^ ^as for employers to make 

contracts in Europe with men to 
come to this country and work for low wages. This prac- 
tice was stopped by the Alien Contract Labor Law, of 1885. 

491 — Civil Service Reform 

When the government was first organized, men in its em- 
ploy held office under succeeding Presidents. President 
Jackson however inaugurated the system of ''rotation in 
office." Under this system each President appointed his 
own friends and political supporters to office. The sys- 
tem had grown to evil proportions, and, during Arthur's 
administration, a bill was passed which was the beginning of 
civil service reform. This aimed to limit appointments to 
those who had passed an examination of fitness, and then 
prohibited their dismissal except for cause. This law has 
been added to and improved until now there are over 200,000 
government employees under civil service restrictions. 



GROVER CLEVELAND, TWENTY-SECOND PRESIDENT 255 

492 — Democratic Victory 1884 

After a lapse of a quarter of a century the Democrats 
again elected a President. Grover Cleveland, of New York, 
defeated James G. Blaine, of Maine. This victory of the 
Democrats, who had been identified with the South during 
the War, showed that all sectional feeling had passed away. 

CHAPTER LXVII 

GROVER CLEVELAND, TWENTY-SECOND 
PRESIDENT 

493 — Cleveland's Administration (1885-89) 

Important Laws were passed during Cleveland's term^ 
among them the Presidential Succession Law. Under 
the old law, in case both the 
President and Vice President 
died, there might have been 
no one to fill the office. Now 
a regular order of succession 
among the officers of the 
cabinet was established. 

494 — Electoral Count Law 

In order that there might 
never be a repetition of the 
Hayes-Tilden election dis- 
pute, an ''Electoral Count'' 
Law was passed. Under 
this law disputed votes of ^^^^^^ Cleveland 

states are to be admitted 

when both houses of Congress agree on them. If the 
Senate and House can not agree, then the matter is to be 
left to the Governor of the state whose votes are in dis- 
pute. 




256 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

495 — Interstate Commerce Law 

Congress also passed a law creating an Interstate Com- 
merce Commission. This body was given power to regulate 
the freight and passenger rates charged by railroads doing 
business between (inter) the states. In addition it became 
xinlawful for the railroads to give ''rebates/' or cheaper rates 
to favored customers. These secret rebates had been the 
means by which large and greedy corporations crushed their 
smaller rivals. 

496— The Tariff 

Cleveland believed the tariff should be cut down on most 
articles and taken off raw materials entirely. There was 
too much revenue coming in from customs duties, which 
had been put on when much money was needed to carry 
on the Civil War. The Republicans opposed cutting down 
the tariff. They claimed that cheap European goods would 
flood this country and that the wages of American laboring 
men would have to be cut down to meet their competition. 
A very general discussion ensued throughout the country, 
and, in the election of 1888, Cleveland was defeated for re- 
election by Benjamin Harrison of Indiana. 



CHAPTER LXVIII 

BENJAMIN HARRISON, TWENTY-THIRD 
PRESIDENT 

497 — Harrison's Administration (1889-92) 

George Washington was inaugurated first President of the 
United States, in New York, in the year 1789. Grover Cleve- 
land's first administration, which ended in 1889, marked the 
completion of one hundred years of government of the Re- 
public. This event was celebrated by a three days' festivity 



BENJAMIN HARRISON, TWENTY-THIRD PRESIDENT 257 



in New York City. Six millions of people witnessed the 
military, civic, and naval parades, and the whole country re- 
joiced in the anniversary. 

498 — A Century's Progress 

There was much cause for joy. The little strip of sea- 
board territory of a century before, had extended out across 
the continent to the Pacific 
Ocean; five millions of people 
had increased to sixty-five mil- 
lions; a second war of Inde- 
pendence had been successfully 
fought, in 1812. A war with 
Mexico, which resulted in large 
territorial expansion, had been 
won without the loss of a battle; 
the terrible Civil War with its 
fratricidal hate and bloodshed, 
had come and gone; and the 
country was united again more 
firmly than ever before. Relig- 
ion, wealth, education and hap- 
piness had everywhere progressed, and the struggling little 
republic had become a giant among the nations. Catholic 
Americans, too, had cause to rejoice at the progress of their 
religion during that time. 

499 — Oklahoma 

Forty thousand square miles of territory, which had been 
bought from the Indians, was thrown open to settlement in 
April 1889. This region had formerly been a part of Indian 
Territory. A frantic rush of settlers soon filled every home- 
stead in this rich country. The city of Guthrie was founded 
and by nightfall had a population of 10,000 people. 




Benjamin Harrison 



258 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

500 — New states 

The great West was rapidly filling up. Farms and ranches 
increased in number. Villages and cities were established 
and mines were opened up. All this was accomplished by a 
great increase in population, particularly in the Northwest. 
During Harrison's administration six new states were ad- 
mitted. North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and 
Washington, in 1889; and Idaho and Wyoming, in 1890. 

501 — Disappearance of the Frontier 

Until the year 1890, at each census, it was possible to 
trace on the map a line which marked the frontier, or west- 
ern limits of settlement. Now this was no longer possible. 
While there yet remained large tracts of land without in- 
habitants, yet population was so well distributed that fron- 
tier lines had entirely disappeared. 

502— The McKinley Bill 

As the Republicans had been elected on a " Protection '^ 
plank, they enacted a Tariff legislation, which raised the 
duty on many articles. It was called the McKinley Bill, 
taking its name from its author. Under it, and subsequent 
bills passed by the Republicans, the industries and manu- 
factures grew to great proportions. These bills led to the 
formation of the great *' Trusts" which we shall hear about. 



CHAPTER LXIX 

GROVER CLEVELAND, TWENTY-FOURTH 
PRESIDENT 

503 — Cleveland's Second Term 

For a third time, in 1892, Grover Cleveland was the 
Democratic nominee for President. The Republicans were 



GROVER CLEVELAND, TWENTY-FOURTH PRESIDENT 259 

led by Harrison. A new party called the Peoples Party, or 
*' Populists," sprang up and carried six of the Western 
States. Cleveland was elected by a large majority (1893-97). 

504 — Columbian Exposition 

During the year 1893 a World's Exposition was held in 
Chicago to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the 
Discovery of America, in 1492. The ''White City," as it 
was called, was built on the shores of Lake Michigan, and 
to it the nations of the world sent their finest products of art 
and manufacture. Princess Eulalie of Spain visited it, and 
was received with great enthusiasm throughout the country. 
Reproductions of the ''Santa Maria" and the other ships of 
Columbus were built in Spain and crossed the Atlantic to 
this country. 




A scene in Hawaii 



260 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

505 — Hawaii 

A revolution led by Americans and aided by the American 
Minister, had overthrown the government of Queen Liliuo- 
kalani of the Hawaiian Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. A 
provisional government sent a ''Treaty of Annexation" to 
the United States Government. President Cleveland would 
have none of this high handed procedure and withdrew the 
treaty from the Senate. Hawaii then became a republic, but 
in 1898, it was annexed to this country. The islands are well 
situated for commerce, particularly since the opening of the 
Panama Canal. They are in the direct trade routes of 
vessels and are therefore valuable possessions. 

506— Panic of 1893 

Financial affairs had become unsettled by the workings of 
the Sherman Silver Bill. This bill, passed during Harrison's 
term, compelled the Secretary of the Treasury to buy a large 
amount of silver each month and to pay for it in treasury 
notes (paper money). The holders of these notes could 
go to the Treasury and get gold for them. In our country 
gold and silver money were supposed to be of equal value, 
but in other parts of the world gold was worth more. So 
many people got gold from the Treasury, in exchange for 
their paper money, and sold it for higher prices in foreign 
countries, or else hid it away for emergencies. 

507 — Repeal of Sherman Bill 

President Cleveland sent a message to Congress asking 
the repeal of the silver purchase clause of the Sherman Bill. 
Before Congress passed the bill a great panic came over the 
country. Banks failed, manufacturing stopped, and money 
seemed almost to disappear. But the Sherman Bill was re- 
pealed and things very slowly became settled again, several 
years passing before business became normal. 



GROVER CLEVELAND, TWENTY-FOURTH PRESIDENT 261 

508— Venezuelan Question 

British Guiana lies next to Venezuela in South America. 
For years there had been a dispute over the boundary line 
between the two countries. In accordance with the Monroe 
Doctrine, the United States felt a close interest in the dispute 
and had several times urged a settlement favorable to 
Venezuela. The English government always refused arbi- 
tration or any settlement that did not include all its de- 
mands. 

509 Cleveland's Message 

In December, 1895, President Cleveland sent a famous 
message to Congress. In it he declared it to be the duty of 
the United States to find out for itself the truth about the 
disputed boundary; and then to insist with all its power that 
a just settlement be made. Should England refuse, this 
would mean war, and the whole country was thrilled with 
enthusiasm at the President's courageous stand . All parties 
supported the President and England, seeing trouble ahead, 
agreed to arbitrate. Strange to say this was the beginning 
of a much better feeling between the two countries. 

510— Monroe Doctrine in Effect 

The Venezuelan Boundary Question, and the withdrawal 
of the troops of Napoleon III from Mexico, are the two most 
famous instances of the application of the Monroe Doc- 
trine. 

511— Wilson Tariff BiU. Utah Admitted 

In 1894, the Democrats reduced the tariff by the Wilson 
Bill. Cleveland felt that the reduction was not as great as 
his party had promised and allowed the bill to become a 
law without his signature. 

Utah, where the Mormons dwell, became a state in 1896. 



262 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

CHAPTER LXX 
WILLIAM McKINLEY, TWENTY-FIFTH PRESIDENT 

512— Election of 1896 

The repeal of the Sherman Bill divided the country on the 
question of coining silver into money, A very intense cam- 
paign ensued on this question. William McKinley was 

nominated by the Republi- 
cans. Those who believed in 
coining silver, as well as gold, 
gained control of the Demo- 
cratic party and nominated 
William J. Bryan. Bryan was 
unknown throughout the 
country, but gained the nomi- 
nation by a thrilling speech 
made at the Democratic Con- 
vention. In it he declared 
that the opponents of silver 
would "crucify mankind upon 
William McKinley a cross of gold.'' 

513— Silver or Gold 

The Democrats were endorsed by the Populists and a 
campaign of education followed. Each side strove to con- 
vince the people by speeches, newspaper and magazine arti- 
cles, and every kind of argument. The manufacturers and 
business men were on the side of McKinley and ''gold." 
The farmers and miners supported Bryan and ''silver." 
McKinley was elected by a large majority (1897-1901) and 
the business of the country at once revived. 

514— Dingley Bill 
The first thing President McKinley did was to call an ex- 




WILLIAM MCKINLEY, TWENTY-FIFTH PRESIDENT 263 

tra session of Congress which framed the Dingley Tariff 
Bill. This practically put the high tariff McKinley Bill 
in force again and American protected industries became 
very prosperous. 

515 — Spain and Cuba 

Affairs in Cuba had been in a turmoil for years. Cubans 
were dissatisfied with Spanish rule, and an insurrection or 
revolution broke out. It dragged along for years with much 
cruelty and bloodshed, and finally Spain sent General Wey- 
ler to suppress it. He attempted to do this by ordering the 
inhabitants of the rebellious regions into great ''concentra- 
tion camps," where they could be kept under his eye. No 
provisions for health were made in these camps, and the 
suffering was great. American opinion, which had been 
favorable to the Cubans for many years, became intensely 
excited at this suffering so near our shores. 




The wreck of the U. S. S. " Maine " 



264 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



516— The "Maine" 

The battleship "Maine" was sent on a visit to Havana and 
was assigned to a particular anchorage in the harbor, by the 
Spanish authorities. On Feb. 14, 1898, the ''Maine" was 
blown up and wrecked, two hundred and sixty of her crew 
being killed. It was found that the explosion came from 
the outside but it could not be proved that the Spaniards 
caused it. 

The whole Cuban question became more acute than ever 
and indignation ran high in America. President McKinley 
made demands on Spain to correct conditions, but a satisfac- 
tory answer was not given. 



CHAPTER LXII 
WAR WITH SPAIN 

517— War - 
On April 18, 1898, Congress declared Cuba to be free and 

independent; and, on April 
25, war against Spain was 
declared. The American 
government pledged itself 
\ not to annex or control the 

island, promising to with- 
draw when its liberation 
had been effected. 



518 — Dewey's Victory at 
Manila 
The war was short and 
entirely in favor of the 
United States. Commo- 
dore Dewey, command- 
ing the American Asiatic 




Admiral Dewey 



WAR WITH SPAIN 265 

fleet, left Hong Kong and reached the Harbor of Manila, 
Philippine Islands, on May 1. Stealing past the outer 
defences of the harbor during the night, and ignoring the 
torpedoes which were supposed to be planted in his path, 
he came upon the Spanish fleet before the city. At the end 
of a short battle the Spaniards were entirely destroyed, with- 
out any American loss. Congress thanked Dewey and 
made him Admiral of the Navy. 

519 — Spanish Cruisers 

Four fine armored cruisers set out from Spain and crossed 
the Atlantic. For a long time they could not be located, 
and much apprehension was caused in cities along the At- 
lantic coast. The American Atlantic fleet, under Sampson 
and Schley, finally located the ships in Santiago harbor, 
Cuba. 

520— Battle of Santiago 

On July 3rd, the Spaniards, under Admiral Cervera, made 
a dash for escape from the harbor. Within four hours their 
vessels were a series of wrecks strewn along the coast. They 
had been smashed and forced ashore by the big guns of the 
American fleet. Six hundred Spaniards were killed and 
seventeen hundred, including Admiral Cervera, taken pri- 
soners. 

521— San Juan Hill 

In the meantime an army under General Shafter landed 
near Santiago and in a brilliant action captured the San 
Juan and other hills overlooking the city. Non-combatants 
were allowed to leave, and then a bombardment of the city 
commenced. On July 17, Santiago and all the eastern part 
of the island were in the hands of the Americans. General 
Miles captured Porto Rico with but little trouble; land 



266 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

forces, which had been sent to Admiral Dewey's aid, cap- 
tured Manila, and the surrounding region. 

522 — Treaty of Peace 

Spain now sued for peace. Cuba was given her indepen- 
dence. The United States became possessed of all the 
Philippine Islands and Guam, in the Pacific Ocean, and Porto 
Rico, in the Atlantic. 

523 — Effects 

The principal effects of the Spanish war were: The end- 
ing of all ill-feeling between the North and South. Old 
Southern soldiers were given high command in the Union 
armies and the whole country rallied to the flag. Another 
effect was to make the United States a world power. There 
was no such intention at the beginning of the war, but 
Dewey's victory at Manila, and the collapse of Spanish 
colonial power forced this country to take up the work of 
dominion. The war marked the end of Spain as a world 
power. Her colonial possessions, which had once been the 
greatest in the world, were now lost to her. 

524 — War in Philippines 

The natives of these islands expected the Americans to 
withdraw as soon as the Spanish were expelled. When they 
did not do so, the Filipinos set up a government of their 
own, with their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, as President. In 
the winter of 1899, a war broke out between the Filipinos 
and the Americans which lasted for three years and caused 
much serious fighting in the wild and unsettled parts of the 
islands. The natives were finally pacified. 

525 — McKinley Re-elected 
McKinley was re-elected over Bryan, in 1900. The silver 



PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION 267 

question was again debated, but the prosperity of the coun- 
try was so great that the people desired McKinley to con- 
tinue. 

526— Trusts 

During these years of prosperity and growth under the 
high tariff, the practice of ''combining" different businesses, 
or manufacturing plants, had grown to great proportions. 
It was very profitable to do away with competition and to 
save expenses by joining rival concerns into one company. 
Thus in the steel industry there came to be a great company 
which controlled all the wire mills, and another which made 
most of the steel for building, and one which accounted for 
all the sheet steel. 

527^United States Steel Corporation 

Finally all these iron and steel companies were combined 
into one great company called the United States Steel Cor- 
poration. In Sugar, in Oil, in Tobacco, and in many other 
products large corporations also gained control. Many 
people became alarmed at the growing power of these great 
companies, or ''Trusts," and their regulation and control 
has been a vital question from McKinley's day to the present 
time. 

528— ^Pan- American Exposition 

During 1901, the beautiful Pan-American Exposition was 
opened at Buffalo, New York. "Pan" is a Greek word 
meaning "all," and the purpose of this AU-American exposi- 
tion was to exhibit the products of the three sections of our 
Continent — North, Central, and South America — and to 
bring these sections closer together in business and friend- 
ship. 



268 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

CHAPTER LXXII 

THEODORE ROOSEVELT, TWENTY-SIXTH 
PRESIDENT 

529 — Assassination of McKinley. Theodore Roosevelt 
becomes President (1901-09) 
During September, 1901, President McKinley attended 

the Exposition and held a public reception. An anarchist 

named Czolgotz, concealing 
a revolver in his handker- 
chief, shot the President. 
The wound was not immedi- 
ately fatal but on Sept. 14, 
1901, the President passed 
away. The Vice President 
Theodore Roosevelt of New 
York, immediately took the 
oath of office as President. 



530 — Panama Canal 

From thetimeof its discov- 
ery it had been the ambition 
Z^ , of men to cut a passage across 

the Isthmus of Panama. The 
Spanish War brought up the matter very forcibly. The 
battleship "Oregon" was on the Pacific coast, when the war 
broke out. To reach the rest of the fleet, on the Atlantic, 
she was forced to sail all around South America and to make 
the passage through the dangerous Straits of Magellan. 
This she did in gallant style, but the advantage of having a 
shorter route across Panama became very evident. It 
would be of importance not only from a naval but a com- 
mercial point of view. The saving in ocean freight charges 
would be very large. 




THEODORE ROOSEVELT, TWENTY-SIXTH PRESIDENT 269 

531 — Goethals Finishes Canal 

A French Company had started to build a canal but the 
work had been stopped. The American government 
bought the French Company's rights and leased a strip of 
land crossing the Isthmus from the Republic of Panama. 




The Panama Canal 

Lieut. Colonel (now Major General) George W. Goethals was 
entrusted, in 1907, with the engineering work of building this 
great waterway. The difficulties were enormous. The 
great ditch had to be dug in one place through a small 
mountain. But all difficulties were overcome and the canal 
was opened to traffic, in 1914. 

532— Roosevelt Re-elected 

President Roosevelt was re-elected, in 1904, over Alton B. 
Parker, of New York, the Democratic nominee. 



270 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

533— Anti-Trust Law 

The great combinations of business, in the form of '' Trusts'' 
on one side, and of working men in the ''Labor Unions" 
on the other, caused a demand that the government should 
regulate both. A bill called the Sherman Anti-Trust law 
had been passed sometime before. It made combinations 
of business which would restrain trade unlawful. President 
Roosevelt now invoked the Sherman Anti-Trust Law and 
brought it to bear on several monopolies, which the Supreme 
Court dissolved. 

534 — Fairer Business Methods 

A general house cleaning of business methods was inau- 
gurated, which has done much to raise the standards of 
honesty in business dealings. Laws were passed to further 
this improvement in business morals. The Railway Rate, 
Meat Inspection, and Pure Food Laws, all have this intent. 

535 — San Francisco Earthquake and Fire 

On April 18th, 1906, a violent earthquake shook the City 
of San Francisco and the surrounding country. Many 
people were killed by falling buildings and, to make matters 
worse, the city water pipes were broken in the ground. 
Fire broke out and, no water being obtainable, destroyed 
a large part of the city. The loss was very great, and 
famine was prevented only by prompt aid from the Govern- 
ment and the country at large. The city was soon rebuilt 
in more substantial shape than ever, and, in 1915, the 
Panama-Pacific Exposition, celebrating the opening of the 
Panama Canal, was held within its limits. 

536 — Celebrations 

Three anniversaries of important historical events were 
celebrated during Roosevelt's administration. In 1904, was 



THEODORE ROOSEVELT, TWENTY-SIXTH PRESIDENT 271 

celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana 
Purchase, 1803. A great World's Fair was held in the city of 
St. Louis, the most important city embraced in what was 
the Louisiana Territory. 




The St. Louis Fair 
537 — Lewis and Clark, and Jamestown Expositions 

In 1905, a Fair was held at Portland, Oregon, to commem- 
orate the one hundredth anniversary of the Lewis and 
Clark Expedition. The great wilderness they explored 
had grown, in one hundred years to be an important section 
of the Union. 

In 1907, a Fair was held at Norfolk, Va., to celebrate the 
three hundredth anniversary of the first English settlement 
at Jamestown (1607). 

538— Panic of 1907 

The failure of a New York trust company brought on a 
severe money panic, in 1907. Its effects were a long time in 
being overcome by the business world. 



272 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

, IMPORTANT FACTS IN SECTION XIII 

1. James A. Garfield, the twentieth President, was killed 
by an assassin shortly after taking office, Chester Allen 
Arthur became the twenty-first President. American labor 
was protected by laws prohibiting emigration of Chinese and 
the bringing in of cheap European contract labor. 

2. Grover Cleveland, twenty-second President, was the 
first Democrat elected since before the Civil War. Laws 
were passed regulating the railroads doing business be- 
tween states (inter-state). The tariff was reduced. 

3. Benjamin Harrison became twenty-third President. 
Harrison raised the tariff by the ''McKinley Bill." Six 
new states were admitted and Oklahoma Territory thrown 
open to settlement. 

4. Grover Cleveland was again elected, becoming the 
twenty-fourth President. The Sherman Silver Bill created 
a financial panic. Cleveland re-affirmed the Monroe Doc- 
trine by a sharp message to England concerning Venezuela. 

5. William McKinley became twenty-fifth President, at 
the time of a revolution in Cuba. Great excitement was 
caused by the blowing up of the U. S. S. **Mame." 

6. War was declared against Spain. Commodore Dewey 
destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila, Philippine Islands. 
A Spanish squadron was sunk off Santiago, Cuba, and that 
city surrendered. Porto Rico was taken without trouble. 
Spain sued for peace, giving the Philippines and Porto Rico 
to the United States and making Cuba free. 

7. Large combinations of business companies known as 
''Trusts" began to be formed after the Spanish War. To 
control them has been the object of many laws. 

8. McKinley was shot while attending the Pan (all)- 
American Exposition at Buffalo, and Theodore Roosevelt 
became the twenty-sixth President (1901). 

9. Difficulty had been met with in building a Canal across 
Panama. During Roosevelt's term the rights of a French 
Company were bought, and the work entrusted to Col. 
Goethals. In spite of greatest difficulties the canal was 
opened in 1914. 

10. In 1906 an earthquake, followed by a fire, destroyed 
the larger part of San Francisco. 



SECTION XIV 



NEW PROBLEMS 



CHAPTER LXXIII 

WILLIAM H. TAFT, TWENTY-SEVENTH 
PRESIDENT 

539— Taft's Administration (1909-13) 

In 1908, William H. Taft, of Ohio, was elected President 
over Wm. J. Bryan, of Nebraska, who was thus defeated 
for a third time. He was an unsuccessful candidate against 
McKinley, in 1896 and in 1900. 

540 — Business Affairs 

During Taft's term the prosecution of illegal business 
combinations continued. Several large manufacturing and 
railroad ''Trusts" were broken up. 

541 — Catholic Chief Justice 

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court died and, in 1910 
President Taft appointed Edward D. White, of Louisiana, to 
fill the vacancy. Chief Justice White is a Catholic and an 
ex-Confederate. That he was appointed to this high office 
shows to what an extent religious and sectional feeling has 
died out in our country. 

542— New States 

New Mexico and Arizona were admitted to the Union, 
in 1911, making forty-eight states in all. Although they were 

273 



274 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 




The United States Supreme Court 

late in reaching statehood, these states are among the oldest 
sections in point of settlement. Santa F6, New Mexico, is 
the second oldest city in the country. 

These states are part of the territory ceded to the United 
States after the Mexican War. 



543 — New Cardinals 

Pope Pius X, in 1911, recognized the importance of the 
Catholic Church in America by appointing three American 
Cardinals. Mgr. Falconio, Apostolic Delegate at Washing- 
ton, who was an American citizen; John Farley, Archbishop 
of New York; and William O'Connell, Archbishop of Boston 
were the prelates honored. On their return from receiving 
the red hats at Rome, the new Cardinals were enthusiastic- 
ally received by Americans of all religions. 



WOODROW WILSON, TWENTY-EIGHTH PRESIDENT 275 

CHAPTER LXXIV 

WOODROW WILSON, TWENTY-EIGHTH 
PRESIDENT 

544 — Democrats Re-elected 1912. A Three Cornered Fight 
In 1912, the Republicans re-nominated Wm. H. Taft for 

the Presidency. Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt and his 

followers bolted the conven- 
tion, and formed a new ''Pro- 
gressive Party,'' with Roosevelt 
as its nominee. 

The Democrats nominated 
Woodrow Wilson, born in 
Virginia, but at the time 
Governor of New Jersey. Wil- 
son, on account of the vote 
against him being divided, was 
elected. 

545 — Wilson's Administration 
(1913- ) 
Wilson at once called an ex- 
tra session of Congress and 
after a long and very bitter debate the Tariff was reduced 
on many articles (1913). 
546 — Sixteenth Amendment 

An amendment to the Constitution allowing the Federal 
Government to lay a tax on incomes was ratified by the 
states (1913). The tax became necessary, and was applied, 
when the reduced tariff failed to bring in enough money to 
run the government. 

547 — Seventeenth Amendment 
This amendment, ratified in 1913, calls for the election of 




Woodrow Wilson 



276 



PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 



U. S. Senators by the direct vote of the people. Before its 
adoption U. S. Senators were elected by the Legislatures of 
the different States. 

548 — Mexico 

Francisco Madero led a revolution in Mexico, in 1911, and 
drove out President Diaz, who had ruled the country as a 
dictator for thirty years. Madero was unpopular with a 
certain part of the people and was soon deposed by troops 
under General Huerta. Madero attempted to escape and 
was shot dead. Huerta made himself President, but the 
American government would not recognize him as such. A 
revolution broke out against him, which was helped by 
Americans. 




Aiexican Kevolutioiiis 



549— Insult 

Some American sailors landed at a Mexican port for sup- 
plies, in 1914. They were arrested by one of Huerta's officers. 
Although soon released the U. S. Government demanded an 
apology, and a twenty-one gun salute to the American flag. 



WOODROW WILSON, TWENTY-EIGHTH PRESIDENT 277 

Huerta refused and the U. S. fleet was sent to Vera Cruz. 
This city was captured with a loss of seventeen Americans. 
Huerta's suppUes were cut off and he soon abdicated, with- 
out, however, firing the salute. 

Since that time unfortunate Mexico has been in a state of 
continual revolution and anarchy. The Catholic Church 
has suffered much. Her religious have been persecuted 
and their property confiscated. 

550 — European War 

A sudden and terrible war broke out on Aug. 1, 1914, 
which, in the course of a year, involved all the principal 
nations of Europe. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Tur- 
key engaged France, Russia, England, Belgium, Serbia, and 
Italy. Japan also took part in the war. 

551— Neutrality 

President Wilson at once issued a Proclamation of Neu- 
trality, calling on Americans to preserve an attitude of fair- 
ness to all the nations at war. 

Upon the declaration of war a financial panic in America 
was narrowly averted. All the Stock, and other exchanges, 
were closed for some time. It became apparent, however, 
that the warring nations of Europe would have to look to 
America for food and supplies, and business revived after 
January 1, 1915. 

532— New Questions 

^ Many new questions involving the rights of neutral na- 
tions under modern conditions of warfare, have engaged the 
attention of our government. While they have at times 
been exceedingly delicate. President Wilson has continued 
to guide the nation in the paths of peace, in a wise and states- 
manlike manner. 



278 PREPARATORY UNITED STATES HISTORY 

553 — Protest against Catholic Persecution in Mexico 

The continued assaults in Mexico on the Catholic Church, 
its clergy and members, was the occasion of a protest on the 
part of the U. S. Government. In February, 1915, the 
Secretary of State addressed a note to the leaders of the 
factions in that country. After protesting against the 
treatment of Catholics, he explains the American respect for 
religious liberty in the following words: "And, above and 
beyond all, the full flower of democracy, lies religious free- 
dom, the principle which the builders of our own Republic 
made the crown of the whole structure. There can be no 
doubt in the minds of Americans about these things." 

554 — Sinking of the "Lusitania" 

In the Spring of 1915, the ''Lusitania", an EngUsh ocean 
passenger ship, was torpedoed by a German submarine, while 
a few miles off the Irish coast. She soon sank and amongst 
a large number of those lost were more than one hundred 
Americans. 

President Wilson at once addressed a note of protest to 
Germany, asking that reparation be made for the loss of life 
of neutral passengers; and that the practice of sinking un- 
armed ships without warning, be discontinued. 

555— Bryan Resigns 

Germany's answer made necessary another note from 
Wilson. Secretary of State, AVilliam J. Bryan, claimed that 
this second note would endanger the peaceful relations be- 
tween America and Germany, and resigned from the C Joinet, 
in protest. 

556— Wilson's Third Note 

Again an unsatisfactory answer was received from Ger- 
many, and a third note was despatched. In it President 
Wilson declared that a repetition of the disputed acts would 



WOODROW WILSON, TWENTY-EIGHTH PRESIDENT 279 

be considered as deliberately unfriendly; and that "the 
Government of the United States will continue to contend 
for the freedom of the seas, from whatever quarter violated 
without compromise and at any cost." 





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